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Human Neuroscience > Lecture 3: Neurodevelopment > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Neurodevelopment Flashcards

1
Q

____: the process by which the inner cell mass is converted into a trilaminar embryonic disc (end of first week)

A

Gastrulation

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2
Q

What are the three primitive cell layers?

A

Endo, ecto, and mesoderm

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3
Q

What is the central event of gastrulation?

A

Formation of notochord

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4
Q

____: a distinct cylinder of mesodermal cells that condenses at the midline of MESODERM and extends from the mid-anterior to posterior aspect of the embryo

A

Notochord

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5
Q

The notochord is generated by a surface indentation called the ___ pit, which subsequently elongates to form ____ streak

A

primitive pit; primitive streak

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6
Q

Which of the following structures comes to define the embryonic midline and, therefore, the axis of symmetry of the entire body?
A. Notochord
B. Neuroectoderm
C. Gastrulation
D. Mesoerm

A

A. Notochord

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7
Q

____: the ectoderm that lies immediately above the notochord

A

Neuroectoderm

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8
Q

True or False: Early in vertebrate embryogenesis, the neuroectoderm will give rise to the entire nervous system

A

True

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9
Q

The notochord (and the primitive pit) send inductive signals to the overlying ectoderm. What is the result of this?

A

Neuroectodermal cells differentiate into neural precursor cells (NPC’s)

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10
Q

How is the neural plate formed?

A

Midline ectoderm contains NPC’s, which thicken into columnar epithelium (neural plate)

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11
Q

On what day of development does the neural plate invaginate along its central axis to form the NEURAL GROOVE?
A. Day 9
B. Day 18
C. Day 21

A

B. Day 18

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12
Q

The neural plate becomes the ___ ___ by week ___

A

neural tube; week 3
- this happens when the neural folds of the neural plate approach each other and fuse at midline

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13
Q

Which two conditions can arise of the lips of the neural tube fail to fuse?

A

1) Spinda bifida (caudal spinal cord)
2) Anencephaly (failure of forebrain development)

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14
Q

The walls of the neural tube become thickened to form the ___ and ____

A

brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

The lumen of the neural tube is converted into which two structures?

A

Lumen of the neural tube:
1) Ventricular system (brain)
2) Central canal (spinal cord)

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16
Q

Proliferation and differentiation of neuroepithelial cells in the developing spinal cord produces: floor plates, thick __ and thin ___

A

thick walls
thin roof

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17
Q

True or False: The Posterior Neural Fold will give rise to the brain

A

False - the Anterior Neural Fold will give rise to the brain

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18
Q

Differential thickening of the lateral walls of the spinal cord will produce a shallow, longitudinal groove known as the _______

A

sulcus limitans

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19
Q

_____: a shallow, longitudinal groove that separates the alar plate (dorsal) from the basal plate (ventral)

A

Sulcus Limitans

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20
Q

True or False: The Altar and Basal Plates produce longitudinal bulges, which extend through most of the length of the developing spinal cord

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: Alar Plates are associates with afferent functions while Basal Plates are associated with efferent functions

A

True

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22
Q

Which structures in the alar plates form the dorsal gray matter?

A

Cell bodies

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23
Q

What are the five steps of neurulation?

A

1) Elongation
2) Folding
3) Elevation of neural folds
4) Convergence
5) Closure

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24
Q

True or False: The Alar Plate is associated with Dorsal Gray Matter (dorsal horn) while the Basal Plate is associated with the Ventral Gray Matter (ventral horn)

A

True

Alar Plate = Dorsal Gray Matter
Basal Plate = Ventral Gray Matter

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25
Q

Where are the pseudounipolar neurons in the spinal ganglia derived from?

A

NCC’s

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26
Q

True or False: Since pseudounipolar neurons in spinal ganglia form swellings on dorsal roots of spinal nerves, they are often called DRG (dorsal root ganglia)

A

True

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27
Q

What two events must occur for the formation of the three primary brain vesicles to develop?

A

1) Fusion of the neural folds in the cranial region
2) Closure of the rostral neuropore

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28
Q

True or False: The three primary brain vesicles form in the 5th week of development

A

False - 4th week!

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29
Q

Proencephalon = ____
Mesencephalon = _____
Rhombencephalon = ____

A

Proencephalon - Forebrain
Mesencephalon - Midbrain
Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

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30
Q

True or False: A cervical flexure is located in both the midbrain and the hindbrain

A

False - cephalic flexure in the mesencephalon; cervical flexure in rhombencephalon

31
Q

By week 6 in development, how many secondary brain vesicles are there?

A

Six

Forebrain (prosencephalon)
1) Telencephalon
2) Diencephalon

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
1) Myelencephalon
2) Metencephalon

32
Q

True or False: During the 5th week of development, the forebrain partly divides into two vesicles: telencephalon and diencephalon

A

True

33
Q

Which three adult brain structures arise from the diencephalon?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Globus Pallidus

34
Q

Which three adult brain structures arise from the telencephalon?

A

1) White matter of hemisphere
2) Cerebral cortex
3) Caudate/Putamen

35
Q

The metencephalon gives rise to the ___ while the myelencephalon gives rise to the ___ and ___

A

metencephalon - pons/cerebellum
myelencephalon - medulla

36
Q

What three conditions must be met to create a precise neural circuit during development?

A

1) Correct number and type of neurons must be made
2) Assume appropriate position
3) Make proper connections via: synapses

37
Q

___ the mitotic division of non-neuronal cells to make neurons
A. Cell differentiation
B. Cell migration
C. Neurogenesis

A

C. Neurogenesis

38
Q

Where does neurogenesis briefly take place?

A

Inner layer of the neural tube

39
Q

____: closely packed layer of cells within the inner layer of the neural tube

A

The ventricular zone

40
Q

Once cells leave the ventricular zone, they become either a: ____ or ____ cell

A

neuron; glial cell

41
Q

True or False: Once cells begin differentiating, the begin to express a particular set of genes

A

True

42
Q

Which three factors affect the particular fate of a differentiating cell?

A

1) Where in the brain the cell is - regional differences

2) When in development - critical period for cell commitment

3) What neighbor cells are doing - formation of nuclei, clusters

43
Q

True or False: Cell differentiation based on cell-cell interactions (e.g what neighbors are doing) is a hallmark of vertebrate development

A

True

44
Q

What does the caudal portion of the neural rube form?

A

Spinal cord

45
Q

Which genes are broadly conserved among animals and play a key role in assigning regional identities along the AP axis?
A. Hox
B. ems
C. otx

A

A. Hox

46
Q

Which two genes are transcription factors that play a major role in forebrain development?

A

otx and ems

47
Q

True or False: The expression of the emx gene is restricted to the midbrain region and stops abruptly at its boundary within the midbrain

A

False - the expression of the emx gene is restricted to the FOREBRAIN region and stops at its boundary in the midbrain

48
Q

True or False: A mutation in emx gene gives rise to gross defects in cortex structure, while otx defect give rise to epilepsy

A

True

49
Q

In which stage of development do the cells of the neural tube divide to provide progeny cells?

A

Neurogenesis

50
Q

True or False: Cell identity depends on both genes and the environment

A

True
Note: environment is defined by regional expression of specific genes

51
Q

Where is ems primarily expressed? otx?

A

ems - midbrain
otd - forebrain

52
Q

The segmental pattern of
___ genes plays a key role in
the development of the
hindbrain structures

A

Hox

53
Q

____: specialized glial cells located along the ventral midline of the developing neural tube
A. Roof Plate
B. Floor Plate
C. Dinner Plate

A

B. Floor plate

54
Q

True or False: The basal region of the neural tube gives rise to motor neurons

A

True

55
Q

The more dorsal-alar regions give rise to ____ and that region that is most dorsal forms the ___ and ___

A

interneurons; roof place; neural crest

56
Q

What cell types are Sonic Hedgehog initially produced and secreted by?

A

Cells of the notochord (just ventral to the neural tube)

57
Q

The specialization in ventral territory depend in large part of a signaling protein known as ____

A

SHH (sonic hedgehog)

58
Q

Cells at the ___ portion of the neural tube experience HIGHER levels of Shh and, therefore, are induced to become floor plate cells
A. posterior
B. ventral

A

B. ventral

59
Q

True or False: A ventro-dorsal gradient of Shh is est. in the neuronal tube, with the highest concentration in the ventral regions

A

True

60
Q

The roof plate generates dorsoventral gradients of which two proteins?

A

BMP and Wnt proteins
- leads to differentiation of dorsal (sensory) regions of developing spinal cord

61
Q

True or False: ShH induces production of motor neurons (spinal cord); sertoergic and dopaminergic neurons (hindbrain); oculomotor (midbrain)

A

True

62
Q

Cells in the basal region of the neural tube give rise to which type of neurons?
A. Sensory
B. Motor

A

B. Motor

63
Q

Sonic Hedgehog induces production of ___ neurons in the spinal cord

A

motor

64
Q

____: when neurons extend their axons and dendrites and form many synapses with one another

A

Synaptogenesis

65
Q

___ is a sculpting process

A

Cell death/apoptosis

66
Q

Neurons compete for connections for structures (synaptic sites) and target-derived chemicals known as _____

A

neutrotrophic factors

67
Q

What happens to neurons that do not receive enough neutrophic factors?

A

They die

68
Q

___: The loss of some synapses and development of others, to refine synaptic connections

A

Synapse Rearrangement

69
Q

An explosion of synapse formation is followed by ____ ___

A

Synapse Rearrangement (synaptic remodeling)

70
Q

True or False: The decision about which synaptic connections are retained and which new connections are formed is thought to result from competition for NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS throughout development

A

True

71
Q

True or False: As one ages, there is loss of synapses and thinning of cortical gray matter (caudal-rostral direction)

A

True

72
Q

True or False: More active synapses compete more successfully than inactive synapses; inactive synapses are lost via: prunning

A

True

73
Q

NGF is an example of a ____

A

neutrotrophin

Human Neuroscience (29 decks)

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