L18: Motor System (Basal Ganglia) Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Both the Premotor cortex and the Supplementary Motor Cortex contribute to the CST

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or False: The Primary Motor Cortex allows for EXECUTION of a SIMPLE movement while the Premotor Cortex allows for complex motor responses (PLANNING MOTOR TASK)

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cortex coordinates movement on both sides, as well as coordinates posture and voluntary movements?
A. Primary Motor Cortex
B. Premotor Cortex
C. Supplementary Motor Cortex

A

C. Supplementary Motor Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or False: The basal ganglia include (1) nuclei found deep within the cerebrum around the lateral ventricles AND (2) nuclei located in diencephalon and (3) midbrain

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____: Concerned with coordination of voluntary movements and, in particular, programming and planning movements
A. Striatum
B. Putamen
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Corpus Callosum

A

C. Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Involuntary movements and alterations in muscle tone, suggests damage to which structures?
A. Globus Pallidus
B. Corpus Striatum
C. Basal Ganglia

A

C. Basal Ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_______________:
Caudate + Putamen + Globus Pallidus
A. Striatum
B. Lenticular Nucleus
C. Corpus Striatum

A

C. Corpus Striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

____: Caudate+Putamen
A. Striatum
B. Lenticular Nucleus
C. Corpus Striatum

A

A. Striatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

____: Globus pallidus + Putamen
A. Striatum
B. Lenticular Nucleus
C. Corpus Striatum

A

B. Lenticular Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or False: The basal ganglia is found in the deep nuclei of telencephalon + diencephalon + midbrain

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The basal ganglia helps to smoothly orchestrate motor behavior. In particular, to regulate the ___ of a movement

A

amplitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Label the
- globus pallidus
- putamen
- corpus striatum

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______: Large C shaped nucleus that lies in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

____ Crescent-shaped nucleus; similar to caudate nucleus

A

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False: The striatum contains populations of neurons that use either Ach or GABA

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____: Wedge-shaped nuclear complex located medial to the putamen; composed of internal and external secretions. Uses GABA (inhibitory)!!!!
A. Striatum
B Globus Pallidus
C. Substantia nigra

A

B Globus Pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following provides the major output of the corpus striatum and projects to the VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus?
A. External (Lateral) Segment of the Globus Pallidus

B. Internal (Medial) Segment of the Globus Pallidus

A

B. Internal (Medial) Segment of the Globus Pallidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or False: Both the Internal (Medial) Segment of the Globus Pallidus and External (Lateral) Segment receive input from teh striatum

A

True

  • note: internal segment also receives inputs from 1) external segment and 2) subthalamic nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which two places does the external segment of the globus pallidus project to?

A

1) Internal “medial” segment
2) Subthalamic Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the schema of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop look like??

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

True or False: The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop pathways are tonically inactive, and excitatory, using Ach as NT.

A

False - the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop pathways are tonically ACTIVE and INHIBITORY, using GABA as a NT

21
Q

True or False: The external segments of the GP project to the VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus

A

False - internal segment does!!

22
Q

The Substantia Nigra is a large nucleus located in the ventral portion of the midbrain tegmentum.

What two areas is it divided into?

A
  1. Pars Compacta
  2. Pars Reticulata
23
Q

Neurons located in which area of the Substantia Nigra utilize DA and sometimes contain neuromelanin?
A. Pars Compacta
B. Pars Reticulata
C. Subthalmic Nucleus

A

A. Pars Compacta

24
Q

Neurons located in which area of the Substantia Nigra utilize GABA??
A. Pars Compacta
B. Pars Reticulata
C. Subthalmic Nucleus

A

B. Pars Reticulata

25
Q

The ___ ___ is the principal source of dopamine to the striatum via the nigrostriatal tract

A

Substantia Nigra

26
Q

____ is located just ventral to the thalamus and is integrally connected to the striatum and substantia nigra

A

Subthalamic Nucleus

27
Q

Most inputs are to the ___ while most outputs are from the ___

A

striatum; GPi (Internal GP)

28
Q

True or False: The Basal Ganglia contains neurons that are both excitatory/inhibitory that work together to form modulatory loops within basal ganglia

A

True

29
Q

What does the red arrow indicate??

What is the default?

A

Red arrows - projects that are always turned on - constitutively active, inhibitory

Default: Thalamus OFF, thereby inactivating it, which results in NO muscle movement

30
Q

What are the two main receiving sites of basal ganglia input?

A

1) Caudate Nucleus
2) Putamen

31
Q

All areas of the cerebral cortex project to the ipsilateal striatum via ____ projections

A

coricostriate

32
Q

Corticostriate inputs are ____ and use ___ as a neurotransmitter
A. inhibitory, GABA
B. excitatory, Glutamate
C. inhibitory, Ach
D. excitatory, GABA

A

B. excitatory, Glutamate

33
Q

What are the two neuronal cell types found within the striatum known as?

A

1) GABAergic spiny neurons - Medium
2) Cholinergic Internerons - Large

34
Q

Which of the following neurons within the striatum uses GABA and activation of them leads to inhibition and neuromodulation of target neurons?
A. GABAergic Spiny Neurons
B. Cholinergic Interneurons

A

A. GABAergic Spiny Neurons

35
Q

Which of the following neurons within the striatum uses Ach and constitutively activate neurons?
A. Cholinergic Interneurons
B. GABAergic spiny neurons

A

A. Cholinergic Interneurons

36
Q

The substantia nigra provide dopaminergic inputs to the striatum via the ____ fibers

A

nigrostriatal fibers

37
Q

When dopamine binds to the ___ group of receptors in the striatum, it has an EXCITATORY effect on the PS neuron.
A. D1 Group
B. D2 Group

A

A. D1 Group

38
Q

True or False: The D1 Receptors in the striatum play a important role in the Indirect Pathway while the D2 Receptors play a role in the Direct Pathway

A

False -

D1 = Direct Pathway
D2 = Indirect Pathway

39
Q

When dopamine binds to the ___ receptors in the striatum, it has an INHIBITORY effect on the post-synaptic neuron.

Note: this receptor has a significant role in the Indirect Pathway!!!

A. D1 Receptors
B. D2 Receptors

A

B. D2 Receptors

40
Q

Compare and contrast the direct vs. indirect pathways:

A

1) Direct Pathway
- FACILITATES flow of movement through thalamus
- INCREASES thalamic activity, cortical activity, and movement
- D1-R

2) Indirect Pathway
- INHIBITS flow of info through thalamus (subthalamic nucleus)
- DECREASES thalamic activity, cortical activity, and movement
- D2-R

41
Q

The striatum projects to both segments of the GP via the ____ projections

These fibers utilize ___ and are ___

A

striatopallidal projections

GABA; inhibitory

42
Q

The striatum projects to the substantia nigra via the _____ fibers

This projection utilizes ___ and are inhibitory

A

striatonigral fibers

GABA

43
Q

Subthalamic nucleus project to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and these projections utilize ___ and are ____

A

glutamate; excitatory

44
Q

What is the main source of outputs from the corpus striatum??

A

Internal segment of globus pallidus

45
Q

The GPi projects to the ___ and __ thalamic nuclei

A

VA and VL

46
Q

Pallidothalamic projections utilize ___ and are ___

A

GABA; inhibitory

47
Q

If voluntary movement is wanted, the ___ pathway will become more active. If no movement is wanted, the ___ pathway will become more wanted.

A

Direct Pathway; Indirect Pathway

48
Q

True or False: The nigral and pallidal inputs to the thalamus are tonically active, even at rest

A

True