L18: Motor System (Basal Ganglia)

Question 1

True or False: Both the Premotor cortex and the Supplementary Motor Cortex contribute to the CST

Answer 1

True

Question 2

True or False: The Primary Motor Cortex allows for EXECUTION of a SIMPLE movement while the Premotor Cortex allows for complex motor responses (PLANNING MOTOR TASK)

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Which cortex coordinates movement on both sides, as well as coordinates posture and voluntary movements?
A. Primary Motor Cortex
B. Premotor Cortex
C. Supplementary Motor Cortex

Answer 3

C. Supplementary Motor Cortex

Question 4

True or False: The basal ganglia include (1) nuclei found deep within the cerebrum around the lateral ventricles AND (2) nuclei located in diencephalon and (3) midbrain

Answer 4

True

Question 5

_____: Concerned with coordination of voluntary movements and, in particular, programming and planning movements
A. Striatum
B. Putamen
C. Basal Ganglia
D. Corpus Callosum

Answer 5

C. Basal Ganglia

Question 6

Involuntary movements and alterations in muscle tone, suggests damage to which structures?
A. Globus Pallidus
B. Corpus Striatum
C. Basal Ganglia

Answer 6

C. Basal Ganglia

Question 7

_______________:
Caudate + Putamen + Globus Pallidus
A. Striatum
B. Lenticular Nucleus
C. Corpus Striatum

Answer 7

C. Corpus Striatum

Question 8

____: Caudate+Putamen
A. Striatum
B. Lenticular Nucleus
C. Corpus Striatum

Answer 8

A. Striatum

Question 9

____: Globus pallidus + Putamen
A. Striatum
B. Lenticular Nucleus
C. Corpus Striatum

Answer 9

B. Lenticular Nucleus

Question 10

True or False: The basal ganglia is found in the deep nuclei of telencephalon + diencephalon + midbrain

Answer 10

True

Question 11

The basal ganglia helps to smoothly orchestrate motor behavior. In particular, to regulate the ___ of a movement

Answer 11

amplitude

Question 12

Label the
- globus pallidus
- putamen
- corpus striatum

Answer 12

Question 13

______: Large C shaped nucleus that lies in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle

____ Crescent-shaped nucleus; similar to caudate nucleus

Answer 13

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Question 14

True or False: The striatum contains populations of neurons that use either Ach or GABA

Answer 14

True

Question 15

_____: Wedge-shaped nuclear complex located medial to the putamen; composed of internal and external secretions. Uses GABA (inhibitory)!!!!
A. Striatum
B Globus Pallidus
C. Substantia nigra

Answer 15

B Globus Pallidus

Question 16

Which of the following provides the major output of the corpus striatum and projects to the VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus?
A. External (Lateral) Segment of the Globus Pallidus

B. Internal (Medial) Segment of the Globus Pallidus

Answer 16

B. Internal (Medial) Segment of the Globus Pallidus

Question 17

True or False: Both the Internal (Medial) Segment of the Globus Pallidus and External (Lateral) Segment receive input from teh striatum

Answer 17

True

• note: internal segment also receives inputs from 1) external segment and 2) subthalamic nucleus

Question 18

Which two places does the external segment of the globus pallidus project to?

Answer 18

1) Internal “medial” segment
2) Subthalamic Nucleus

Question 19

What does the schema of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop look like??

Answer 19

Question 20

True or False: The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop pathways are tonically inactive, and excitatory, using Ach as NT.

Answer 20

False - the cortico-basal-ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop pathways are tonically ACTIVE and INHIBITORY, using GABA as a NT

Question 21

True or False: The external segments of the GP project to the VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus

Answer 21

False - internal segment does!!

Question 22

The Substantia Nigra is a large nucleus located in the ventral portion of the midbrain tegmentum.

What two areas is it divided into?

Answer 22

1. Pars Compacta
2. Pars Reticulata

Question 23

Neurons located in which area of the Substantia Nigra utilize DA and sometimes contain neuromelanin?
A. Pars Compacta
B. Pars Reticulata
C. Subthalmic Nucleus

Answer 23

A. Pars Compacta

Question 24

Neurons located in which area of the Substantia Nigra utilize GABA??
A. Pars Compacta
B. Pars Reticulata
C. Subthalmic Nucleus

Answer 24

B. Pars Reticulata

Question 25

The ___ ___ is the principal source of dopamine to the striatum via the nigrostriatal tract

Answer 25

Substantia Nigra

Question 26

____ is located just ventral to the thalamus and is integrally connected to the striatum and substantia nigra

Answer 26

Subthalamic Nucleus

Question 27

Most inputs are to the ___ while most outputs are from the ___

Answer 27

striatum; GPi (Internal GP)

Question 28

True or False: The Basal Ganglia contains neurons that are both excitatory/inhibitory that work together to form modulatory loops within basal ganglia

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What does the red arrow indicate?? What is the default?

Answer 29

Red arrows - projects that are always turned on - constitutively active, inhibitory Default: Thalamus OFF, thereby inactivating it, which results in NO muscle movement

Question 30

What are the two main receiving sites of basal ganglia input?

Answer 30

1) Caudate Nucleus 2) Putamen

Question 31

All areas of the cerebral cortex project to the ipsilateal striatum via ____ projections

Answer 31

coricostriate

Question 32

Corticostriate inputs are ____ and use ___ as a neurotransmitter A. inhibitory, GABA B. excitatory, Glutamate C. inhibitory, Ach D. excitatory, GABA

Answer 32

B. excitatory, Glutamate

Question 33

What are the two neuronal cell types found within the striatum known as?

Answer 33

1) GABAergic spiny neurons - Medium 2) Cholinergic Internerons - Large

Question 34

Which of the following neurons within the striatum uses GABA and activation of them leads to inhibition and neuromodulation of target neurons? A. GABAergic Spiny Neurons B. Cholinergic Interneurons

Answer 34

A. GABAergic Spiny Neurons

Question 35

Which of the following neurons within the striatum uses Ach and constitutively activate neurons? A. Cholinergic Interneurons B. GABAergic spiny neurons

Answer 35

A. Cholinergic Interneurons

Question 36

The substantia nigra provide dopaminergic inputs to the striatum via the ____ fibers

Answer 36

nigrostriatal fibers

Question 37

When dopamine binds to the ___ group of receptors in the striatum, it has an EXCITATORY effect on the PS neuron. A. D1 Group B. D2 Group

Answer 37

A. D1 Group

Question 38

True or False: The D1 Receptors in the striatum play a important role in the Indirect Pathway while the D2 Receptors play a role in the Direct Pathway

Answer 38

False - D1 = Direct Pathway D2 = Indirect Pathway

Question 39

When dopamine binds to the ___ receptors in the striatum, it has an INHIBITORY effect on the post-synaptic neuron. Note: this receptor has a significant role in the Indirect Pathway!!! A. D1 Receptors B. D2 Receptors

Answer 39

B. D2 Receptors

Question 40

Compare and contrast the direct vs. indirect pathways:

Answer 40

1) Direct Pathway - FACILITATES flow of movement through thalamus - INCREASES thalamic activity, cortical activity, and movement - D1-R 2) Indirect Pathway - INHIBITS flow of info through thalamus (subthalamic nucleus) - DECREASES thalamic activity, cortical activity, and movement - D2-R

Question 41

The striatum projects to both segments of the GP via the ____ projections These fibers utilize ___ and are ___

Answer 41

striatopallidal projections GABA; inhibitory

Question 42

The striatum projects to the substantia nigra via the _____ fibers This projection utilizes ___ and are inhibitory

Answer 42

striatonigral fibers GABA

Question 43

Subthalamic nucleus project to the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and these projections utilize ___ and are ____

Answer 43

glutamate; excitatory

Question 44

What is the main source of outputs from the corpus striatum??

Answer 44

Internal segment of globus pallidus

Question 45

The GPi projects to the ___ and __ thalamic nuclei

Answer 45

VA and VL

Question 46

Pallidothalamic projections utilize ___ and are ___

Answer 46

GABA; inhibitory

Question 47

If voluntary movement is wanted, the ___ pathway will become more active. If no movement is wanted, the ___ pathway will become more wanted.

Answer 47

Direct Pathway; Indirect Pathway

Question 48

True or False: The nigral and pallidal inputs to the thalamus are tonically active, even at rest

Answer 48

True