L1

Question 1

The nervous system consists of which two general classes of cells?

Answer 1

Neurons
Neuroglia

Question 2

True or False: All neurons share the same basic architecture

Answer 2

True
(dendrites, cell body, axons)

Question 3

Which of the following contains receptor sites that receive stimulation or inhibition from outside sources?
A. Axon
B. Dendrites
C. Myelin Sheath

Answer 3

B. Dendrites

Question 4

If electrical stimulation of cell body reaches a critical threshold, an electrical discharge known as the ____ develops

Answer 4

AP

Question 5

True or False: Neurons do not differ greatly in their electrical properties and function as electric switchers

Answer 5

True

Question 6

____: Site of ‘contact’ where nerve signal is transmitted from one neuron to another, or from neurons and other effector cells (muscles or glands)

Answer 6

Synapses

Question 7

True or False: Synapses allow for structural communication

Answer 7

False - allow for FUNCTIONAL communication

Question 8

What are the three types of synapses in the CNS?

Answer 8

1) Axosomatic
2) Axodendritic
3) Axoaxonic

Question 9

What three features of the neuron allows for communication?

Answer 9

Irritability
Transmission
Conductivity

Question 10

What is the PNS synapse known as?

Answer 10

NM Junction or Motor Endplate

Question 11

True or False: Unipolar cells are found in human rods and cones of the retina while bipolar cells are found in olfactory receptors

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Pseudounipolar cells are only found in the ____ ganglia

Answer 12

peripheral

Question 13

____: the non-neuronal cell types of the nervous tissue

Answer 13

Neuroglia (glia)

Question 14

True or False: Glia support and nourish neurons

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or False: Both satellite, schwann cells, and astrocytes are neuroglia found in the CNS

Answer 15

False - satellite and schwann cells are found in PNS

Question 16

The brain can be subdivided into the ___, ____, and ____

Answer 16

brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum

Question 17

Each cerebral hemisphere contains ___, ___, and ____

Answer 17

cerebral cortex, medullary white matter, and basal ganglia

Question 18

True or False: Gray and white matter are found in the CNS, while peripheral nerves and ganglia are found in PNS

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and initial portions of axons make up ___ matter

myelinated and un-myelinated axons in CNS make up ___ matter

Answer 19

Gray Matter = cell bodies, dendrites, initial axons

White Matter = axons (myelinated and not)

Question 20

An ____ is a process arising from the neuronal perikaryon

A ____ is an axon + the glial enwrapping sheet

A ____ is a group of fibers + connective enwrapping tissue

Answer 20

A axon
A fiber
A nerve

Question 21

_____: The capacity to react to various physical or chemical agents, which results in generation of action potential
A. Conductivity
B. Irritability
C. Transmission

Answer 21

B. Irritability

Question 22

____: The ability to propagate these electrical signals from one location to another within the same neuron
A. Conductivity
B. Irritability
C. Transmission

Answer 22

A. Conductivity

Question 23

Label the following:

Answer 23

Question 24

True or False: Spinal and cranial nerves are found in the PNS

Answer 24

True

Question 25

True or False: There are nerves in the CNS

Answer 25

False - there are not nerves within the CNS

Question 26

Within the CNS, fibers travel organized in bundles forming ____, which are meant to carry information from one area to another area of the CNS

Answer 26

tracts

Question 27

True or False: The ANS is made up of the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric divisions

Answer 27

True

Question 28

BELOW the cephalic flexure (inferior to the diencephalon) Posterior = _____ Anterior = _____ Superior = ____ Inferior = _____ Compare this to ABOVE the cephalic flexure:

Answer 28

Posterior = Dorsal Anterior = Ventral Superior = Rostral Inferior = Caudal

Question 29

What are the three types of multipolar cells + where are they located?

Answer 29

1. Motor Neuron (brain and spinal cord) 2. Pyramidal Neuron (hippocampus and cerebral cortex) 3. Purkinje Cell (cerebellum)

Question 30

True or False: The cerebrum is composed of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons are often grouped together as ___ and ___

Answer 31

tracts; oligodendrites

Question 32

Gray matter has an abundant of ____ and ___ cells

Answer 32

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

Question 33

_____ usually pertains to spinal cord and is synonymous with tract A. Funiculus B. Lemniscus C. Fasciculus

Answer 33

C. Fasciculus

Question 34

_____: an area the contains many tracts, pertains to the spinal cord

Answer 34

A. Funiculus

Question 35

____: means "flat tract", specifically used in reference to several different sensory tracts coursing to the thalamus A. Funiculus B. Lemniscus C. Fasciculus

Answer 35

B. Lemniscus

Question 36

____: the crossing of a tract over the midline

Answer 36

Decussation

Question 37

___: refers to course/destination of a particular tract from a particular brain area

Answer 37

Projections

Question 38

A ____ indicates the whole projection from a starting point to a final destination. It can be composed of a single tract or multiple tracts. A ____ indicates the space between the site of the origin on the fiber and the end of the fiber.

Answer 38

Pathway Tract

Question 39

True or False: Peripheral nerves are bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by several layers of connective tissue

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Within the sensory division of the PNS: There is a ____ portion, where sensory input is perceived consciously and There is a ____ portion, where sensory input is NOT perceived consciously

Answer 40

Somatic Visceral

Question 41

Within the motor division of the PNS: There is a ____ portion, where motor output IS controlled consciously There is also a _____ portion, where motor output is NOT controlled consciously

Answer 41

Somatic Autonomic Nervous System

Question 42

Within the efferent region of the PNS, there is the visceral motor (ANS) which is where the ___, ___, and ____ act

Answer 42

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

Question 43

True or False: Neurons with similar properties can produce quite different actions due to the way they are connected with each other, forming neuronal circuits

Answer 43

True

Question 44

True or False: Efferent neurons carry motor output while Afferent neurons carry sensory input. The interneurons, by contrast, are local neurons found in the spinal cord.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

____: Simplest circuit made of two neurons, sensory and motor; no interneuron! ____: circuit made of three neurons: sensory, motor, and interneuron

Answer 45

Direct Reflex Arc Indirect Reflex Arc

Question 46

Evolutionarily speaking, the difference in size, functions, capability of the human brain vs. a chick brain is due to increased number of ___ and, of course, they way they are interconnected to each other to form neuronal circuits

Answer 46

interneurons

Question 47

A sensory neuron can distribute the incoming information to multiple association neurons (interneurons). This phenomenon is called ____ When does this phenomenon normally occur?

Answer 47

Divergence - When a stimulus carried by sensory neurons enters the CNS

Question 48

____: describes information transmitted from many interneurons to one motor neuron When does this phenomenon normally occur?

Answer 48

Convergence - Occurs when output leaves the CNS

Question 49

______: A neuronal pathway arranged in a circle so that impulses are recycled to cause (+) feedback or reverberation

Answer 49

Reverberating Circuit

Question 49

______: A neuronal pathway arranged in a circle so that impulses are recycled to cause (+) feedback or reverberation

Answer 49

Reverberating Circuit

Question 50

True or False: The brain contains at least two types of neuronal maps: one for sensory perceptions and another for motor commands

Answer 50

True

Question 51

True or False: What makes the brain a remarkable information processing machine is not the complexity of its neurons but, rather, its many elements and the complexity of connections between them

Answer 51

True

Question 52

How does redundancy occur in the neuronal circuitry?

Answer 52

Parallel processing

Question 53

Why does parallel processing make sense as an evolutionary strategy for building a more powerful brain?

Answer 53

Increases the speed and reliability of function within the CNS

Question 54

Describe the flow of information in the CNS:

Answer 54

Sensory input forms (ascending/descending pathway) Sensory cortices and association (cortical) Motor cortices (motor output forms descending pathways)

Question 55

____ and ___ are areas where the integration of information and release of outputs take place

Answer 55

Cerebrum and Cerebellum

Question 56

___ and ___ are the only areas of the CNS communicating with the periphery

Answer 56

Spinal Cord and Brainstem - exception: CN1/2

Question 57

When information is distributed to interneurons, this allows for ____

Answer 57

Divergence

Question 58

Once the input reaches the __ cortices, it will be integrated with other sensory inputs

Answer 58

sensory cortices

Question 59

The sensory and association cortices will pass information to the motor cortices, allow for ____

Answer 59

convergence

Question 60

True or False: The nuclei of resident interneurons form different stops where information traveling through both ascending and descending pathways can be distributed and elaborated

Answer 60

True

Question 61

Bundles of ascending and descending fibers are found in both the ____ and ___

Answer 61

spinal cord; brain stem

Question 62

In the cerebrum and cerebellum, cortices and nuclei are interconnected among each other and are the ___ destination of ascending pathways and the origin of ___pathways

Answer 62

final; descending