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Human Neuroscience > L1 > Flashcards

L1 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system consists of which two general classes of cells?

A

Neurons
Neuroglia

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2
Q

True or False: All neurons share the same basic architecture

A

True
(dendrites, cell body, axons)

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3
Q

Which of the following contains receptor sites that receive stimulation or inhibition from outside sources?
A. Axon
B. Dendrites
C. Myelin Sheath

A

B. Dendrites

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4
Q

If electrical stimulation of cell body reaches a critical threshold, an electrical discharge known as the ____ develops

A

AP

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5
Q

True or False: Neurons do not differ greatly in their electrical properties and function as electric switchers

A

True

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6
Q

____: Site of ‘contact’ where nerve signal is transmitted from one neuron to another, or from neurons and other effector cells (muscles or glands)

A

Synapses

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7
Q

True or False: Synapses allow for structural communication

A

False - allow for FUNCTIONAL communication

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8
Q

What are the three types of synapses in the CNS?

A

1) Axosomatic
2) Axodendritic
3) Axoaxonic

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9
Q

What three features of the neuron allows for communication?

A

Irritability
Transmission
Conductivity

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10
Q

What is the PNS synapse known as?

A

NM Junction or Motor Endplate

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11
Q

True or False: Unipolar cells are found in human rods and cones of the retina while bipolar cells are found in olfactory receptors

A

True

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12
Q

Pseudounipolar cells are only found in the ____ ganglia

A

peripheral

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13
Q

____: the non-neuronal cell types of the nervous tissue

A

Neuroglia (glia)

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14
Q

True or False: Glia support and nourish neurons

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: Both satellite, schwann cells, and astrocytes are neuroglia found in the CNS

A

False - satellite and schwann cells are found in PNS

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16
Q

The brain can be subdivided into the ___, ____, and ____

A

brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum

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17
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere contains ___, ___, and ____

A

cerebral cortex, medullary white matter, and basal ganglia

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18
Q

True or False: Gray and white matter are found in the CNS, while peripheral nerves and ganglia are found in PNS

A

True

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19
Q

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and initial portions of axons make up ___ matter

myelinated and un-myelinated axons in CNS make up ___ matter

A

Gray Matter = cell bodies, dendrites, initial axons

White Matter = axons (myelinated and not)

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20
Q

An ____ is a process arising from the neuronal perikaryon

A ____ is an axon + the glial enwrapping sheet

A ____ is a group of fibers + connective enwrapping tissue

A

A axon
A fiber
A nerve

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21
Q

_____: The capacity to react to various physical or chemical agents, which results in generation of action potential
A. Conductivity
B. Irritability
C. Transmission

A

B. Irritability

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22
Q

____: The ability to propagate these electrical signals from one location to another within the same neuron
A. Conductivity
B. Irritability
C. Transmission

A

A. Conductivity

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23
Q

Label the following:

A
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24
Q

True or False: Spinal and cranial nerves are found in the PNS

A

True

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25
Q

True or False: There are nerves in the CNS

A

False - there are not nerves within the CNS

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26
Q

Within the CNS, fibers travel organized in bundles forming ____, which are meant to carry information from one area to another area of the CNS

A

tracts

27
Q

True or False: The ANS is made up of the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and enteric divisions

A

True

28
Q

BELOW the cephalic flexure (inferior to the diencephalon)

Posterior = _____
Anterior = _____
Superior = ____
Inferior = _____

Compare this to ABOVE the cephalic flexure:

A

Posterior = Dorsal
Anterior = Ventral
Superior = Rostral
Inferior = Caudal

29
Q

What are the three types of multipolar cells + where are they located?

A
  1. Motor Neuron (brain and spinal cord)
  2. Pyramidal Neuron (hippocampus and cerebral cortex)
  3. Purkinje Cell (cerebellum)
30
Q

True or False: The cerebrum is composed of cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

A

True

31
Q

Myelinated and unmyelinated axons are often grouped together as ___ and ___

A

tracts; oligodendrites

32
Q

Gray matter has an abundant of ____ and ___ cells

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

33
Q

_____ usually pertains to spinal cord and is synonymous with tract
A. Funiculus
B. Lemniscus
C. Fasciculus

A

C. Fasciculus

34
Q

_____: an area the contains many tracts, pertains to the spinal cord

A

A. Funiculus

35
Q

____: means “flat tract”, specifically used in reference to several different sensory tracts coursing to the thalamus
A. Funiculus
B. Lemniscus
C. Fasciculus

A

B. Lemniscus

36
Q

____: the crossing of a tract over the midline

A

Decussation

37
Q

___: refers to course/destination of a particular tract from a particular brain area

A

Projections

38
Q

A ____ indicates the whole projection from a starting point to a final destination. It can be composed of a single tract or multiple tracts.

A ____ indicates the space between the site of the origin on the fiber and the end of the fiber.

A

Pathway
Tract

39
Q

True or False: Peripheral nerves are bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by several layers of connective tissue

A

True

40
Q

Within the sensory division of the PNS:

There is a ____ portion, where sensory input is perceived consciously and

There is a ____ portion, where sensory input is NOT perceived consciously

A

Somatic
Visceral

41
Q

Within the motor division of the PNS:

There is a ____ portion, where motor output IS controlled consciously

There is also a _____ portion, where motor output is NOT controlled consciously

A

Somatic
Autonomic Nervous System

42
Q

Within the efferent region of the PNS, there is the visceral motor (ANS) which is where the ___, ___, and ____ act

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

43
Q

True or False: Neurons with similar properties can produce quite different actions due to the way they are connected with each other, forming neuronal circuits

A

True

44
Q

True or False: Efferent neurons carry motor output while Afferent neurons carry sensory input. The interneurons, by contrast, are local neurons found in the spinal cord.

A

True

45
Q

____: Simplest circuit made of two neurons, sensory and motor; no interneuron!

____: circuit made of three neurons: sensory, motor, and interneuron

A

Direct Reflex Arc
Indirect Reflex Arc

46
Q

Evolutionarily speaking, the difference in size, functions, capability of the human brain vs. a chick brain is due to increased number of ___ and, of course, they way they are interconnected to each other to form neuronal circuits

A

interneurons

47
Q

A sensory neuron can distribute the incoming information to multiple association neurons (interneurons). This phenomenon is called ____

When does this phenomenon normally occur?

A

Divergence

  • When a stimulus carried by sensory neurons enters the CNS
48
Q

____: describes information transmitted from many interneurons to one motor neuron

When does this phenomenon normally occur?

A

Convergence

  • Occurs when output leaves the CNS
49
Q

______: A neuronal pathway arranged in a circle so that impulses are recycled to cause (+) feedback or reverberation

A

Reverberating Circuit

49
Q

______: A neuronal pathway arranged in a circle so that impulses are recycled to cause (+) feedback or reverberation

A

Reverberating Circuit

50
Q

True or False: The brain contains at least two types of neuronal maps: one for sensory perceptions and another for motor commands

A

True

51
Q

True or False: What makes the brain a remarkable information processing machine is not the complexity of its neurons but, rather, its many elements and the complexity of connections between them

A

True

52
Q

How does redundancy occur in the neuronal circuitry?

A

Parallel processing

53
Q

Why does parallel processing make sense as an evolutionary strategy for building a more powerful brain?

A

Increases the speed and reliability of function within the CNS

54
Q

Describe the flow of information in the CNS:

A

Sensory input forms (ascending/descending pathway)

Sensory cortices and association (cortical)

Motor cortices (motor output forms descending pathways)

55
Q

____ and ___ are areas where the integration of information and release of outputs take place

A

Cerebrum and Cerebellum

56
Q

___ and ___ are the only areas of the CNS communicating with the periphery

A

Spinal Cord and Brainstem
- exception: CN1/2

57
Q

When information is distributed to interneurons, this allows for ____

A

Divergence

58
Q

Once the input reaches the __ cortices, it will be integrated with other sensory inputs

A

sensory cortices

59
Q

The sensory and association cortices will pass information to the motor cortices, allow for ____

A

convergence

60
Q

True or False: The nuclei of resident interneurons form different stops where information traveling through both ascending and descending pathways can be distributed and elaborated

A

True

61
Q

Bundles of ascending and descending fibers are found in both the ____ and ___

A

spinal cord; brain stem

62
Q

In the cerebrum and cerebellum, cortices and nuclei are interconnected among each other and are the ___ destination of ascending pathways and the origin of ___pathways

A

final; descending

Human Neuroscience (29 decks)

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