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Human Neuroscience > Lecture 15: Olfaction and Taste > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Olfaction and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

Animals with well developed olfactory system are referred to as _____

Humans, by contrast, are ___ and rely less on their sense of smell

A

Animals = macroscopic
Humans = microscopic

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2
Q

True or False: Olfaction is important for memories, emotions, sexual
activities and TASTE

A

True

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3
Q

____ (loss of sense of smell) impairs taste

A

Anosmia

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4
Q

True or False: The olfactory mucosa is located
in the lateral/medial part of
nasal cavity

A

False - superior/posterior

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5
Q

True or False: The olfactory mucosa is made up of cuboidal epithelium layer and is surrounded by neuroreceptors

A

False - consists of COLUMNAR epithelial layer

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6
Q

True or False: Olfactory receptors communicate
with the external environment

A

True

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7
Q

____ are the only neurons that communicate with the external environment and undergo constant replacement

A

Olfactory neuroreceptors

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8
Q

Basal cells near the lamina propria undergo differentiation and develop into olfactory neuroreceptors ever ____

A

5-8 weeks

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9
Q

True or False: The bipolar olfactory neurons have several dendrites that project toward apical mucosa

A

False - have one dendrite that projects toward apical mucosa

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10
Q

True or False: Myelinated axons of the bipolar neurons constitutes the olfactory nerve

A

False - unmyelinated axons

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11
Q

How do olfactory nerve pass from the nasal cavity to the interior of the braincase? Where does it terminate?

A

Foramina (in cribiform plate of ethmoid bone)

Terminates in olfactory bulbs

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12
Q

Which of the following has receptors for odorants?
A. Foramina
B. Olfactory neuroreceptors
C. Cilia

A

C. Cilia

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13
Q

True or False: Density of odorant
receptors is higher in
macrosmatic animals

A

True

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14
Q
A
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15
Q

What is the first processing
station for olfactory info?

A

Olfactory bulb

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16
Q

Olfactory bulb contains 2nd order neurons, which are known as ___ cells

A

mitral cells

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17
Q

Which of the following forms the
olfactory tract?
A. Mitral axons
B. Olfactory axons
C. Cilia axons

A

A. Mitral axons

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18
Q

Where are mitral cells found?

A

Olfactory bulb

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19
Q

True or False: Olfactory receptors are activated
by specific odorant molecules

A

True

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

____: Prominent fiber tracts from the olfactory bulbs, which course towards the ANTERIOR PERFORATED SUBSTANCE

A

Olfactory Tract

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22
Q

At the anterior perforated substance, the olfactory tract splits into two striate:
1.
2.

A

Medial Olfactory Stria
Lateral Olfactory Stria

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23
Q

True or False: Lateral Olfactory Stria project to SEPTAL areas

A

False - Medial Olfactory Stria project to SEPTAL areas

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24
Q

Medial olfactory stria fibers
project to which four SEPTAL areas?

A
  1. Thalamus (DMN)
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Hippocampus
  4. Upper Brainstem
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25
Q

True or False: Primitive responses to olfaction are associated with Medial Olfactory Stria while the Lateral Olfactory Stria is associated with learned behaviors of olfaction

A

True

26
Q

True or False: The lateral olfactory stria contains
majority of olfactory tract fibers

A

True

27
Q

Which two areas does the lateral olfactory stria carry information to?

A
  1. Olfactory cortices
  2. Areas surrounding
    amygdala
28
Q

Olfactory cortices are collectively
known as ____ cortex

A

piriform cortex

29
Q

Compare and contrast the
Primary Olfactory Cortex (AKA
prepiriform) to the Olfactory Association Cortex (AKA
entorhinal)

A

Olfactory Association Cortex (AKA entorhinal)
- Fibers project to hippocampus
- Anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus

Primary Olfactory Cortex (AKA
prepiriform)
- Lateral olfactory area
- Projects to amygdala and association cortex

30
Q

True or False: Olfactory pathways ARE required to
relay in the thalamus

A

False - they are NOT

31
Q

The olfactory pathways provide input to the primitive parts of the ____ cortex first

A

Ipsilateral

32
Q

How do olfactory pathway project to the neocortex?

A

Via the thalamus

33
Q

True or False: Unlike olfactory neuroreceptors, taste receptors are specialized epithelial cells that come into contact with a peripheral nerve fiber

A

True

34
Q
A
35
Q

Where are taste receptors located?

A

Taste buds on tongue surface

36
Q

Where does the apical end of taste receptor extend into?

Where do sensory fibers attach?

A

The taste pore

Sensory fibers attach to basal surface of receptor

37
Q

Each taste receptor only has lifespan of 1-2 weeks. They are replaced by differentiation of ___ cells to ___ bud

A

basal cells to taste bud

38
Q

True or False: There are several hundred taste buds per papilla (microscopic)

A

True

39
Q
A
40
Q

Taste sensations are carried in
peripheral branches of which 3 cranial nerves?

A

Vagus
Glossopharyngeal
Facial

41
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve carries taste sensation from area around epiglottis.

Which CN does this refer to?
A. Vagus
B. Glossopharyngeal
C. Facial

A

A. Vagus

42
Q

Chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

Which CN does this refer to?
A. Vagus
B. Glossopharyngeal
C. Facial

A

C. Facial

43
Q

True or False: The solitary tract carries taste fibers of CN’s 7, 9, and 10 to the nucleus of the solitary tract

A

True

44
Q

In the ___, the fibers of the solitary tract are surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract and will enter and terminate in the nucleus

A

medulla

45
Q

What is considered to be the principal visceral afferent nucleus in the brainstem?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS)

46
Q

True or False: The nucleus of the solitary tract only receives taste (special visceral afferent - SVA) input

A

False - the NTS receives BOTH: Special Visceral Afferents (SVA) and General Visceral Afferents (GVA) from CN 9 and 10

47
Q

The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is divided into two subdivisions: rostral and caudal. Which receives the SVA input? Which receives the GVA input?

A

Rostral - SVA
Caudal - GVA

48
Q

True or False: The NTS contains the 3rd order neurons in the ascending taste pathway

A

False - contains 2nd order neurons

49
Q

True or False: The axons of the NTS will ascend to the VPL thalamic nucleus, ipsilaterally, in the central tegmental tract

A

False - The axons of the NTS will ascend to the VPM (!!!) thalamic nucleus, ipsilaterally, in the central tegmental tract

50
Q
A
51
Q

Where do first order neurons of the taste pathway synapse?

A

gustatory nucleus (aka: NTS)

52
Q

In the NTS…

The rostral receives taste inputs from CN’s __, ___, and ___

The caudal receives visceral inputs from CN’s __ and __

A

Rostral = CN 7, 9, and 10
Caudal = CN 9 and 10

53
Q

Taste pathways proceed to cortex via ___

A

thalamus

54
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

Insula is the primary taste cortex

55
Q

True or False: The insula projects to the orbital cortex and amygdala for higher integration of taste information

A

True

56
Q

True or False: Taste pathways are contralateral

A

False - ipsilateral

57
Q

Where do second order neurons of the taste pathway synapse?

A

VPM nucleus (thalamus)

  • VPM projects axons to
    primary gustatory
    cortex
58
Q

Unilateral lesions in VPM or NST can result in ____ loss of
taste perception
A. Ipsilateral
B. Contralateral
C. Bilatera

A

A. Ipsilateral

59
Q

___ is complete loss of taste
perception

A

Ageusia

60
Q

___ is the partial loss of taste while ____ is distortion of taste

A

Hypogeusia; Dysgeusia

Human Neuroscience (29 decks)

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