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Human Neuroscience > Lecture 14: Vestibular and Auditory Systems > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Vestibular and Auditory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the ear contains petrous portion of temporal bone, bony labyrinth, and membranous labyrinth?
A. Outer Ear
B. Inner Ear
C. Middle Ear

A

B. Inner Ear

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2
Q

True or False: The Membranous Labyrinth contains perilymph

A

False - the bony labyrinth does!

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3
Q

True or False: The Inner Ear serves both hearing and equilibrium

A

True

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4
Q

Membranous labyrinth consists of ____ and ____ ___

A

Vestibule
A. Saccule
B. Urticle

Semicircular canals

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5
Q

What is the function of the vestibule (saccule + urticle)?
A. Detects motion
B. Detects linear acceleration

A

B. Detects linear acceleration

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6
Q

True or False: The saccule has the macula in its FLOOR while the utricle has the macula in its LATERAL WALLS

A

True

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7
Q

Which of the following parts of the vestibule detects up and down movement of the head, as well as forward and backward?
A. Saccule
B. Utricle

A

A. Saccule

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8
Q

Which of the following parts of the vestibule detects side to side movements of the head (linear acceleration in lateral plane)?
A. Saccule
B. Utricle

A

B. Utricle

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9
Q

Detection of hair cells during head movements causes firing of ____

A

Action Potentials

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10
Q

Which two structures are embedded in the otolithic membrane?

A
  1. Crystals
  2. Hair cells
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11
Q

True or False: When head moves, this leads to crystals of the ear moving, which leads to matrix movement, hair cell deflection, then nerves firing

A

True

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12
Q

True or False: The Vestibule is responsible for detecting angular acceleration and head rotation

A

False - the Semicircular ducts do this!

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13
Q

How many ducts are located in the body semicircular canals?

A

Three

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14
Q

____ is the dilated end of the semicircular duct
A. Kinocilla
B. Ampulla
C. Cillia
D. Endolympth
E. Crista Ampullaris

A

B. Ampulla

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15
Q

Within the semicircular ducts, there is the ampulla (dilated end of duct). Within the ampulla, there is ____, which is the sensory end organ containing hair cells
A. Kinocilia
B. Crista Ampullaris

A

B. Crista Ampullaris

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16
Q

How are the stereocilia of the ampulla arranged?
A. graduated rows
B. graduated columns
C. no specific arrangement

A

A. graduated rows

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17
Q

Which of the following is the LONGEST true cilium found in the ampulla of the semicircular ducts?
A. Kinocilium
B. Crista Ampullaris
C. Cupula

A

A. Kinocilium

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18
Q

True or False: Kinocilia of the hair cells in any given crista are oriented in DIFFERENT directions

A

False - kinocilia of hair cells in any given crista are oriented in the SAME direction

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19
Q

True or False: Kinocilia of hair cells in the horizontal ducts are oriented VERTICALLY

A

false - toward midline

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20
Q

True or False: There are three semicircular ducts (anterior, posterior, and horizontal) -
Each is positioned at right angles to each other and work in pairs

A

True

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21
Q

True or False: When one moves their head, endolymph move in the same direction

A

False - moves in opposite direction

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22
Q

When one moves their head, it deflects the kinocilium toward midline, leading to AP firing of ___ fibers

A

afferent

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23
Q

What decreases firing rate of AP’s?
A. Deflection of kinocilium towards midline
B. Kinocilium moving away from midline

A

B. Kinocilium moving away from midline

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24
Q

Movement of ____ causes deflection of kinocilia and neuron firing

A

endolymph

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25
Q

Sensory nerves are located in vestibular
ganglion, also known as ____ _____

A

Scarpa’s Ganglion

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26
Q

Ganglion cells are bipolar. Where does the peripheral process synapse?

A

Receptor hair cells

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27
Q

True or False: The vestibulocochlear nerve attaches to the brainstem at the potomedullary juntion in the pontocerebellar angle

A

True

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28
Q

The central axonal process of the ganglion cell will project ipsilaterally to which two structures?

A
  1. Vestibulocerebellum (maintains equilibrium and coordinates eye movements with head, neck, and body)
  2. Vestibular Nuclei
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29
Q

True or False: There are 4 vestibular nuclei - superior, inferior, medial, and lateral

A

True

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30
Q

Vestibular afferents terminate in
ipsilateral ____ ____

A

vestibular nuclei

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31
Q

The Lateral Vestibular Nucleus gives rise to Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract (LVST).

What does it innervate?
What is its function?

A

Innervates: extensor musculature
Function: maintains balances/allows for postural changes

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32
Q

The Medial Vestibular Nucleus gives rise to the Medial Vestibulospinal Tract.

What does it innervate?
What is its function?

A

Innervates: neck musculature
Function: stabilizes head

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33
Q

Which of the vestibular nucleus give rise to cerebellar afferents that project to the vestibulocerebellum?
A. Medial vestibular nucleus
B. Lateral vestibular nucleus
C. Superior vestibular nucleus
D. Inferior vestibular nucleus

A

C. Superior vestibular nucleus
D. Inferior vestibular nucleus

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34
Q

True or False: The vestibular nuclei also project to contralateral paramedian pontine reticular formation

A

True

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35
Q

Nystagmus – involuntary eye movements – has slow and fast components. Always named for direction of ___ one

36
Q

Under what conditions can nystagmus be physiological?

A

Large rotations of head
Vestibular activation

37
Q

True or False: Under physiological conditions, SLOW component of nystagmus is OPPOSITE to direction of head turning while FAST component is IN DIRECTION of head turning

38
Q

True or False: If nystagmus occurs spontaneously, it is sometimes pathologic

A

False - it is ALWAYS pathological

39
Q

What causes clinical nystagmus?

A

Lesion
ETOH
CNS Disorders
Toxicity

40
Q

What is common finding in VS disorders?

41
Q

True or False: Vertigo may be due to central or peripheral lesions

42
Q

_____: Illusion of movement of body or environment; associated with nystagmus, nausea, vomiting

43
Q

True or False: Most cases of vertigo are caused by peripheral lesions,
associated with inner ear (75%) while central lesions are associated with brainstem
or cerebellum (25%)

44
Q

For sound, the lower the pitch, the ___ the frequency; the higher the pitch, the ___ the frequency

A

lower; higher

45
Q

The bony cochlea is part of the ___ labyrinth while the cochlear duct is part of the ____ labyrinth

A

bony; membranous

46
Q

____: A bony tube that winds spirally 2 and 3/4 turns around central pillar of bone (modiolus)
A. Cochlear Duct
B. Bony Cochlea

______: part of the membranous labyrinth, it enter bony cochlea and is attached at end to two side of the cochlea
A. Cochlear duct
B. Bony Cochlea

A

B. Bony Cochlea

A. Cochlear duct

47
Q

The cochlear duct divides cochlea into two, long spiral chambers: ___ (above cochlear duct) and ____ (below cochlear duct)

A
  1. Scala vestibuli
  2. Scala tympani
48
Q

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani communicate with each other at the apex of the modiolus via a small opening known as the ____

A

Helicotrema

49
Q

What are scala vesibuli and scala tympani filled with?
A. Perilymph
B. Endolymph

A

A. Perilymph

50
Q

How does sound get from the external auditory meatus to the oval window?

A

External Auditory Meatus => Ear drum => Ear ossicles => Oval window

51
Q

Bony Cochlea and Cochlear duct make up the
A. Middle Ear
B. Outer Ear
C. Inner Ear

A

C. Inner Ear

55
Q

What is the Floor boundary of the cochlear duct? Roof boundary?

A

Roof: vestibular (Reissner’s) membrane
Floor: basilar membrane

56
Q

The organ of hearing (Organ of Corti) lies on the ____ membrane

A

basement membrane

57
Q

The Organ of Cori is composed of hair cells. The inner hair cells form a __ row while outer hair cells form ___ rows

58
Q

The Organ of Cori has free surface of hair cells, which are covered with ___ but no ___

A

stereocilia; kinocilium

59
Q

Where in the cochlea is the spiral ganglion located?

A

Within modiolus of cochlea

60
Q

Does the spiral ganglion mostly innervate inner or outer hair cells?

A

Inner
- 90% innervate inner hair cells
- 10% innervate outer hair cells

63
Q

The cochlear nerve and nuclei are central processes of the spiral ganglion that forms the cochlear nerve and terminates in the ___ and __ cochlear nuclei

A

ventral/dorsal

64
Q

Airborne sound waves strike the tympanic membrane, which vibrates in response. How are vibrations transmitted across tympanic caivty?

A

Three bony ossicles

65
Q

The foot plate of the ___ moves to and from in the oval window, transmitting vibration to fluid-filed inner ear

66
Q

How is the pressure from the compression of perilymph released?

A

Round window

67
Q

Pressure waves start in perilymph, result from oscillations of foot plate of stapes. Pressure waves enter ___, then helicotrema, then ____

A

scala vestibuli; scala tympani

68
Q

True or False: Pressure waves transmitted through endolymph of cochlear duct makes basilar membrane vibrate

69
Q

The basilar membrane near the BASE of the cochlear vibrates preferentially to sounds of ____

Basilar membrane near the APEX of the cochlea vibrates preferntially to sounds of ____

A

high pitch/freq
low pitch/freq

70
Q

True or False: Oscillations of basilar membrane cause deflection of hair cell sterocilia, thereby opening ion channels and causing cells to release NT at synapse that trigger AP

71
Q

True or False: Superior olivary cells are sensitive to differences in time of arrival of auditory stimuli from both ears

72
Q

Which order neurons project bilaterally to the superior olivary complex?

73
Q

True or False: Cochlear nuclei are organized tonotopically

74
Q

Where are the dorsal/ventral cochlear nuclei located?

Where is the superior olivary complex located?

A

medulla

pons

75
Q

____ is the first point in the auditory pathway that input from both sides converge

A

Superior olivary complex

76
Q

Cells in the superior olivary complex send axons through the lateral lemnisci to terminate at the ____ ____

A

inferior colliculus

77
Q

___ ____: Receives afferents from ipsilateral lateral lemniscus
A. Superior olivary complex
B. Inferior Colliculus
C. Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

B. Inferior Colliculus

78
Q

Inferior colliculus sends fibers to ipsilateral MGN (medial geniculate nucleus) via the brachium of ___ ____

A

inferior colliculus

79
Q

_____: Located deep within lateral fissure; also known as transverse temporal gyrus of Heschl (Brodmann’s Area 41 and 42)
A. Auditory Association Cortex
B. Primary Auditory Cortex
C. Medial Geniculate Nucleus
D. Inferior Colliculus

A

B. Primary Auditory Cortex

80
Q

______: Located in posterior 2/3 of superior temporal gyrus (area 42 and 22). In dominant hemisphere, it is largely synonymous with Wernicke’s Area.
A. Auditory Association Cortex
B. Primary Auditory Cortex
C. Medial Geniculate Nucleus
D. Inferior Colliculus

A

A. Auditory Association Cortex

82
Q

If sound vibrations do not reach the oval window, what type of hearing loss occurs?
A. Sensorineural hearing loss
B. Conductive hearing loss

A

B. Conductive hearing loss

83
Q

True or False: Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by disease of the cochlea, cochlear division of CN VIII, or cochlear nuclei in the medulla

84
Q

Otosclerosis (fixation of the foot plate of the stapes), otitis media, or excess cerumen can cause which type of hearing loss?

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

85
Q

Prolonged exposure to loud noise, Toxic side effects from pharmaceuticals, and Acoustic neuroma can cause which type of hearing loss?

A

Sensorineural

Human Neuroscience (29 decks)

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