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Human Neuroscience > L16: Motor Cortices > Flashcards

L16: Motor Cortices Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between voluntary and reflex movements?

A

Voluntary movements can evolve – improve in precision and adapt the performance action

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2
Q

What are the three principal elements of any voluntary movements?

A
  1. Location and identification of a target
  2. Movement programming
  3. Execution of the movement
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3
Q

True or False: Sensorimotor transformation IS
a static process

A

False - it is NOT!

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4
Q

External cues are regulated by function of ____ and ____

A

1) PMC
- premotor cortex

2) PMA
- posterior parietal motor area
- areas 5 & 7

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5
Q

True or False: Sensorimotor transformations are important to internal cues

A

False - external cues!

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6
Q

Internal cues regulate function of:
A. PMA (posterior parietal motor area)
B. PMC (premotor cortex)
C. SMA (supplementary motor area)

A

C. SMA (supplementary motor area)

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7
Q

Which two major types of programs are involved in instructing the pyramidal system (movement programming)?

A

1) Praxic programs
2) Intentional programs

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8
Q

___ is considered to be the “how” of movements (meaning: how to position, to move, to orient, rapidly to move, or to order the components of an act as to satisfactorily obtain a target)

A. Praxic Programs
B. Intentional Programs

A

A. Praxic Programs

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9
Q

Praxic Programs are mainly a function of which areas?
A. cerebral cortical areas
B. basal ganglia areas

A

A. cerebral cortical areas

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10
Q

_____: Considered to be the “when” of movements (“when” to start, not to start, to continue or stop a movement) and is mainly a function of the basal ganglia
A. Intentional Programs
B. Praxic Programs

A

A. Intentional Programs

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11
Q

To execute movement, ____ ____ of movements are possible and involve cerebellar circuitry

A

midcourse corrections

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12
Q

Neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles (i.e. form motor end plates) are termed ___ ____ ___
A. upper motor neurons
B. lower motor neurons
C. upper sensory neurons
D. lower sensory neurons

Neurons that influence LMNs are termed _____ ___ ____
A. upper motor neurons
B. lower motor neurons
C. upper sensory neurons
D. lower sensory neurons

A

B. lower motor neurons

A. upper motor neurons

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13
Q

True or False: For voluntary movement to be executed, motor command is sent via descending pathway

A

True

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14
Q

Which of the following structures are important for target identification (external and internal cues)?
A. Premotor Cortex (PMC)
B. Posterior Parietal Motor Area (PMA)
C. Frontal Eye Fields (FEF)
D. Supplemental Motor Area (SMA)
E. Sensory Cortex

A

E. Sensory Cortex

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15
Q

Which three structures are crucial to programming?
A. Premotor Cortex (PMC)
B. Posterior Parietal Motor Area (PMA)
C. Frontal Eye Fields (FEF)
D. Supplemental Motor Area (SMA)
E. Sensory Cortex
F. Basal Ganglia

A

A. Premotor Cortex (PMC)
D. Supplemental Motor Area (SMA)
F. Basal Ganglia

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16
Q

Which two cranial structures are crucial for execution?

A

Cerebellum and M-I

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17
Q

____ (M-I): Clusters of cortical motor neurons that will drive
synergistic muscles. Located in the precentral gyrus, Brodmann’s Area 4. Also known as “motor homunculus.”

A. Premotor Cortex
B. Primary Motor Cortex

A

B. Primary Motor Cortex

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18
Q

True or False: Parts of the body used in tasks requiring precision and fine control (hands and face) have a disproportionately SMALL
representation in the motor map

A

False - LARGE

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19
Q

Neurons in Layer __ of M-I (Primary Motor Cortex) give rise to axons that
contribute to the corticospinal tract
A. III
B. II
C. V
D. IV

A

C. V

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20
Q

Neurons in Layer V of M-I give rise to axons that contribute to CS tract. Fibers will terminate in the __ ___of all
levels of the spinal cord
A. dorsal horn
B. ventral horn

A

B. ventral horn

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21
Q

Neurons in Layer V of M-I give rise to axons that contribute to CS tract. Fibers will terminate in the __ ___of all
levels of the spinal cord
A. dorsal horn
B. ventral horn

A

B. ventral horn

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22
Q

Neurons in Layer V of M-I give rise to axons that contribute to the corticospinal tract. What is the main function of this tract?
A. Activation of neurons in dorsal horn of SC that innervate distal musculature
B. Activation of neurons in the ventral horn of the SC that innervates distal musculature

A

B. Activation of neurons in the ventral horn of the SC that innervates distal musculature

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23
Q

Which of the following has cell body and processes that are located ENTIRELY in the CNS?
A. Upper Motor Neurons
B. Lower Motor Neurons

A

A. Upper Motor Neurons

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24
Q

Which of the following has cell body in the CNS and axon in the PNS and innervates skeletal muscle?
A. Upper Motor Neurons
B. Lower Motor Neurons

A

B. Lower Motor Neurons

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25
Q
A
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26
Q

S-I and PPC/PMA belong to:
A. Sensory Cortices
B. Motor Cortices

A

A. Sensory Cortices

27
Q

The primary motor cortex, which changes with experience, is
____ organized

A

topographically

28
Q

What are the three functions of the M-I?

A
  1. Activation of fine distal movements
  2. Individual, simple movements
  3. Specific motor movements
29
Q

Electrical threshold for eliciting movements is lower in ___ than in any other part of the cerebral cortex

A

M-I

30
Q

M-I kept informed about the position of the limb and the speed of the movement via: sensory input.

What two locations does information enter directly?

A

1) Thalamus - thalamocortical connections

2) Primary somatosensory cortex (S-I) - cortico-cortical connections

31
Q

Neurons in layer V of M-1 give rise
to ___
A. PNS
B. CST
C. CNS

A

B. CST

  • These neurons are also known as Betz cells
32
Q

True or False: The Premotor Cortex primarily controls execution of
fine distal movements

A

False - the M-I (Primary Motor Cortex)

33
Q

Which of the following structures is located in Brodmann’s Area 6?
A. Primary Motor Cortex
B. Pre-Motor Cortex

A

B. Pre-Motor Cortex (PMC)

34
Q

True or False: Motor
homunculus in the Premotor Cortex (PMC) is not as precise as the one seen in the M-I

A

True

35
Q

What are the three functions of the PMC (Premotor Cortex)?

A
  1. Complex movements
  2. Integrates external stimuli into movements
  3. Coordinates movement of limbs at more than one joint
36
Q

True or False: The Primary Motor Cortex appears to play a role in planning and “setting the stage” for a motor task + carrying out movements triggered by external stimuli

A

False - the Premotor Cortex does!!

  • Activity in PMC is diminished with the initiation of a motor task
37
Q

True or False: The Premotor Cortex is important for the control of visually guided movements

A

True

38
Q

Planning and executing voluntary movements relies on sensorimotor
transformations in which sensory representations of the external environment are integrated into motor programs. Transformation and integration of sensory information into motor programs is important function of both the ___ and ____

A

PMC and Parietal Motor Area

39
Q

Coordinated movements of the limbs (contract m. at more than one joint) can be elicited by stimulating the PMC.

How does this compare to movements seen after M-I stimulation?

A

Compared to M-I, movements in PMC are…
1) Slower
2) More likely to involve larger groups of muscles

40
Q

___ ___ encodes
behavioral context
A. SMA
B. Premotor Cortex
C. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
D. Primary Motor Cortex

A

B. Premotor Cortex

41
Q

Mirror neurons were discovered in ___

A

PMC (premotor cortex)

42
Q

____: Located in the superior frontal gyrus; contains a motor homunculus, but one that is not as precise as M-I
A. SMA
B. Premotor Cortex
C. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
D. Primary Motor Cortex

A

A. SMA

43
Q

Which of the following small SMALL contributions to the CST tracts?
A. SMA
B. PMC
C. M-I

A

B. PMC

44
Q

True or False: SMA produces complex movements bilaterally and functions in the mental imaging of movements (stores mental plans)

A

True

45
Q

Threshold for movements in the ___is higher than that seen in M-I; higher currents needed over a longer duration to elicit a motor response
A. PMC
B. SMA
B. M-1

A

B. SMA

46
Q

How do the action sof proximal muscles occurs via the SMA?

How do the actions of distal muscles occur via the SMA, indirectly?

A

SMA to the ventral horn of the spinal cord via: CS projections

Connections from SMA to M-I (which
in turn projects to the ventral horn of the spinal cord)

47
Q

___ ____ motor area is
located in parietal lobe

A

Posterior parietal

48
Q

True or False: Both the Posterior Parietal Motor Area and SMA are labeled as Brodmann’s areas 5 & 7

A

True

49
Q

Inputs to PMA primarily occur from the ______, and PMA relates this sensory information to limb position

A

primary somatosensory (S-I) cortex

50
Q

In the PMA, Area 5 receives from which three areas?

A
  1. Vestibular System
  2. PMC
    - motor plans
  3. Limbic System
    - motivational state
51
Q

____: Plays a major role in correlating information about the external world (sensory inputs) with information about the position of our body and limbs (PMC inputs) and our motivational state (limbic inputs)
A. SMA
B. PMC
C. Frontal Eye Fields
D. PMA

A

D. PMA (Posterior Parietal Motor Area)

52
Q

True or False: PMA can be driven by sensory stimuli, but only in the context of specific behavioral responses, or _____ activities

A

“goal-oriented”

53
Q

True or False: PMA can be driven by sensory stimuli, but only in the context of specific behavioral responses, or _____ activities

A

“goal-oriented”

54
Q

Which structure may play a role in the initiation of movement; thought to create a “context” or “frame of reference” for directing movement + functions in sensorimotor transformations

A. SMA
B. PMA
C. FEF

A

B. PMA

55
Q

_____: Initiates rapid eye
movements (saccades) but only affects horizontal movements

A

Frontal Eye Fields

56
Q

True or False: Stimulation of S-I does NOT result in motor movements. However, S-I (primary somatosensory cortex) does plays role in motor control by modulating sensory inputs from the periphery and at the cortical level

A

True

57
Q

S-I projects to __ and ___ directly and thus can alter the activity in these motor areas

A

M-I and PMA

58
Q

Lesions of S-I may cause what appear to be ___ deficits, which are caused by:
A. motor; lack of sensory info reaching motor areas
B. sensory; lack of motor info reaching motor areas

A

A. motor; lack of sensory info reaching motor areas

59
Q

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) does NOT appear to elicit motor movements, but does appears to play important role in complex motor activities via connections with ___, ___, and ___

A
  • PMC
  • SMA
  • PMA
60
Q

Lesions of the prefrontal cortex result in alterations in 1) ____ and 2) _____ – all of which manifest as motor behaviors

A

1) More distractable
2) Lack of motivation

61
Q

Which of the following receives information about all sensory modalities + the motivational and
emotional state of the individual +
is thought to be related to the capacity of the individual to weigh the consequences of future actions and plan accordingly?
A. PMC
B. PFC
C. S-I
D. M-I

A

B. PFC

62
Q
A
63
Q
A

Human Neuroscience (29 decks)

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