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Human Neuroscience > L21 and 22 - A > Flashcards

L21 and 22 - A Flashcards

1
Q

The Limbic System is a border that separates which two structures?

A

Neocortex and Diencephalon

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2
Q

Which seven structures belong to the Limbic System?

A
  1. Hippocampal formation
  2. Amygdala
  3. Septal Nuclei
  4. Cingulate Cortex
  5. Entorhinal Cortex
  6. Perirhinal Cortex
  7. Parahippocampal Cortex
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3
Q

True or False: The hippocampus is also known as the cornu ammonis (Ammon’s Horn)

A

True

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4
Q

Which three components make up the Hippocampal Formation–which is a curved and re-curved sheet of cortex folded into medial surface of temporal lobe?

A
  1. Hippocampus proper
  2. Dentate Gyrus
  3. Subiculum
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5
Q

Which two structures form two interlocking “C’s”
A. Hippocampus proper
B. Dentate Gyrus
C. Subiculum

A

A. Hippocampus proper
B. Dentate Gyrus

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6
Q

The hippocampus (and dentate gyrus) is actually a cortex, but it is a __ layered cortex as opposed to the __ layered cortex as in the neocortex

A

3; 6

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7
Q

Because of the small number of layers and their location between the neocortex and diencephalon, these cortices have been called ____

A

paleocortex

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8
Q

True or False: The hippocampus and the dentate gyrus, like the neocortex, have both a DEEP and SUPERFICIAL “molecular” layer

A

True

  • note: molecular layer (inside) and polymorphic layer (outside)
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9
Q

What is the middle layer of the hippocampus proper known as?

What is the middle layer of the dentate gyrus known as?

A

pyramidal cell layer

granular layer

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10
Q

Inner layer of hippo - ________
Middle layer -________
Outer later - __________

A

Inner = molecular

Middle = pyramidal (hippo) / granule (dentate gyrus)

Outer = polymorphic

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11
Q

True or False: The molecular layer of the hippocampus proper faces the dentate gyrus

A

True

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12
Q

____: Area of the hippocampus proper that is capped by the dentate gyrus
A. CA3
B. CA2
C. BCB1
D. Alveus

A

A. CA3

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13
Q

_____: Polymorphic layer of the hippocampus; it is equivalent to the white matter of the neocortex
A. CA3
B. CA2
C. BCB1
D. Alveus

A

D. Alveus

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14
Q

True or False: The subiculum is the transition layer from the hippocampus to the parahippocampal gyrus (also - it changes from 3 to 6 layers)

A

True

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15
Q

A major flow of information through the hippocampus comes from the….
A. PFC
B. Entorhinal Cortex
C. Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

B. Entorhinal Cortex

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16
Q

True or False: Neural activity can modify synaptic strength in certain parts of hippocampus – modified synaptic strength may be storage mechanism for memory

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: Large, bilateral lesions of the hippocampus will affect memory of remote events and general intelligence; however, the person will be able to learn new facts and skills

A

False - large, bilateral lesions of the hippocampus will NOT affect memory of remote events and general intelligence; however, the person CANNOT learn new facts and skills

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18
Q

Why do patient’s with Korsakoff Syndrome have a hard time forming new memories?

A

Mammillary bodies are destroyed

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19
Q

What is the major pathway INTO and OUT of hippocampus?
A. PFC
B. Entorhinal Cortex
C. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
D. Fornix

A

D. Fornix

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20
Q

True or False: The fornix starts as the alveus, communicates bidirectionally, and has efferent/afferent fibers

A

True

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21
Q

____: White matter of the hippocampus, which consists of myelinated afferents/efferents

A

Alveus

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Which two structures come together to form the hippocampal commissure?

A

Crura

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24
Q

The fornix continues to an arc to the ___ ___

A

anterior commisure

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25
Q

______: An important landmark, since this is where the fornix splints into three columns, going to different structures
A. Crura
B. Fornix
C. Anterior Commisure

A

C. Anterior Commisure

26
Q

The split just before the anterior commisure is called the ______ while the split after the anterior commisure is called the ______

A

precommisual fornix; postcommisual fornix

27
Q

Which two places does the postcommisural fornix branch lead to?

A
  1. Mammillary bodies (hypothalamus)
  2. Anterior nuclei (thalamus)
28
Q

What are the two major pathways by which the hippocampi communicate with one another?

A

1) Hippocampal commissure
2) Anterior commisure to c/l hippocampus

29
Q

Which three structures does the precommissural fornix go to?

A

1 - Septal nuclei
2 - Ventral striatum
3 - Cingulate cortex

30
Q

_____: Integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation

A

Amygdala

31
Q

True or False: Both the hippocampus and amygdala have major pathways that communicate bilaterally and contain both efferent/afferent fibers

A

True

32
Q

True or False: The amygdala receives inputs from all senses, as well as visceral inputs

A

True

33
Q

Which four structures provide visceral inputs to the amygdala?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Orbital cortex
  3. Parabrachial nucleus
  4. Septal area
34
Q

True or False: Olfactory sensory info goes from the olfactory bulb to the amygdala

A

True

35
Q

Where does auditory, visual, and somatosensory info, which eventually reach the amygdala, come from?

A

Temporal and Anterior Cingulate Cortices

36
Q

What are the major output pathways of the amygdala?

A

1) Ventral amygdalofugal
2) Stria terminalis
3) Directly to hippocampus
4) Directly to entorhinal cortex
5) Directly to thalamus
6) Brain stem connections

37
Q

Projects from the ventral striatum links in a basal ganglia circuit that is important for what type of learning?

A

stimulus-response associative learning

38
Q

The amygdala’s major connection to the hypothalamus and septal nucleus is through the ___ ____

A

stria terminalis

39
Q

True or False: The stria terminalis is important because it acts as a link whereby motivations and drives can influence response / is a link where responses are learned (associative learning)

A

False - ventral amygdalofugal pathway is important because it acts as a link whereby motivations and drives can influence response / is a link where responses are learned (associative learning)

40
Q

True or False: Stimulation of amygdala causes intense emotions (e.g fear, aggression) while destructive lesions – as in Urbach-Wiethe–cause flat affect (humans)

A

True

41
Q

How does the Stria terminalis connect to subcortical structuers?

A

Via: ventral amygdalofugal pathway

42
Q

True or False: Both hippocampi and amygdala communicate with one another via: anterior commisure

A

True

43
Q

True or False: The hypothalamus is a principal center of emotional expression and depends on both parasympathetic and sympathetic components of autonomic nervous system

A

True

44
Q

When we experience feelings/emotions only subjectively, this is related to the ___ ____
A. Amygdala
B. Cerebral Cortex
C. Hippocampus

A

B. Cerebral Cortex

45
Q

Emotional reactions or physical expression of emotion are more objective and are mediated through ______ connections
A. Amygdala
B. Cerebral Cortex
C. Hippocampus
D. Hypothalamic-autonomic connections

A

D. Hypothalamic-autonomic connections

46
Q

____ region plays an important role in regulating release of gonadotrophic hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary
A. Cerebral Cortex
B. Preoptic
C. Hippocampal

A

B. Preoptic

47
Q

True or False: In females, gonadotrophic hormones are released in a cyclical manner whereas, in males, the release is topical, with regular fluctuations

A

True

48
Q

True or False: The ventromedial nucleus is important in male typical behaviors (e.g mounting) while the Preoptic are is important in female typical behaviors (e.g lordosis)

A

False - preoptic = male typical / VMN = female typical

49
Q

True or False: The sexually dimorphic nucleus (pre-optic area) is large in male rats vs. females

A

True

50
Q

True or False: INAH-3 is smaller in homosexual men, similar in size to heterosexual females

A

True

51
Q

True or False: Homosexual men have anterior commisure that were 34% larger than those of heterosexual males and 18% larger than heterosexual females

A

True

52
Q

True or False: Suprachiasmatic nucleus is smaller in homosexual vs. heterosexual males

A

False - it is larger

53
Q

Stimulation of the lateral part of the anterior ____ evokes flight responses
A. Amygdala
B. Hippocampus
C. Hypothalamus

A

C. Hypothalamus

54
Q

Intense stimulation of VM nucleus induces ___, ___

A

hissing, snarling

55
Q

Stimulation of preoptic area evokes ___ sensation while VM stimulation produces ____ reaction

A

pleasurable; avoidance

56
Q

______: Contains circadian pacemaker cells, generates endogenous rhythms (influenced by light stimuli) considered to be “master clock”

A

Suprachiasmic nucleus

57
Q

True or False: The Septum includes both cortical tissue + subcortical nuclei

A

True

58
Q

Which two pathways can afferents take to reach the septal nuclei?

A

1) Hippocampal formation - via fornix
2) Amygdala - via: stra terminals

59
Q

Which two pathways can efferents take to reach the septal nuclei?

A

1) Lateral hypothalamus/midbrain segmentum via medial forebrain bundle
2) Hippocampus via fornix

60
Q

___ ___ function as pleasure center

A

Septal nuclei

Human Neuroscience (29 decks)

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