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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Lecture 3-Animal Research/ Drug Classes > Flashcards

Lecture 3-Animal Research/ Drug Classes Flashcards

Exam 1

1
Q

Types of animal research to study psychoactive drugs as behavioral reinforcers

A
  1. Self administration studies
  2. Mechanism of reinforcement action
  3. Brain circuit analysis
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2
Q

Self administration studies- animal research

A
  • Ask: will an animal self-administer said drug?
  • Train an animal to give itself a dose of a drug using a level with an infusion pump
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3
Q

Mechanism of Reinforcement Action

A
  • Drugs target brain regions involved in reward and the reinforcing “high/rush”
  • All drugs stimulate the reward/motivation system including: frontal cortex, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, medial forebrain bundle, dopamine (DA) system
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4
Q

How specific drugs affect the reward pathway

A
  • Cocaine and amphetamines act directly
  • Alcohol acts indirectly
  • Nicotine acts directly (in part)
  • Opiates have an inderect effect
  • Hallucinogens act indirectly
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5
Q

Brain circuit analysis

A
  • activate or inhibit specific brain circuits to alter behavioral responses to drugs
  • Image neural activity in real time
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6
Q

Advantages of classifying drugs

A

-better knowledge, help in regulatory process, easier to prescribe/apply the drug to certain situations
-Ease of information retrieval:
* Origin
* Therapeutic use
* Site of drug action
* Chemical structure
* Mechanism of action
* Street name

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7
Q

Current and more standard classification system

A
  1. High misuse potential, no medical use (heroin and weed)
  2. High misuse potential, medical uses (cocain, adderall)
  3. Less misuse potential than 2 (codeine and tylenol, ketamine)
  4. Less misuse potential than 3 (xanax, valium, ambien)
  5. Low misuse potential (ex. robiussin, lyrica)

Schedules of Controlled Substances- DEA… resulting from the 1970s Controlled Substances Act. Drugs classified by medical use, potential for misuse, and likelihood for producing dependence

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8
Q

Stimulant drugs

A
  • Moderate dose (wakefulness, sense of energy, well-being)
  • High dose (manic excitement, might include paranoia and hallucinations)
  • ex. cocaine and amphetamines (adderall)
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9
Q

Depressant Drugs

A
  • Low dose: relaxation, talkativeness, disinhibition
  • High dose: slowed reaction time, incoordination, unconsciousness
  • Ex. alcohol, barbituates, benzodiazepines
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10
Q

Opiates (narcotics)

A
  • low to moderate dose: typically painkilling, produce relaxed dreamlike state
  • moderate to high dose: sleep
  • ex. morphine, heroin, fentanyl
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11
Q

hallucinogens

A
  • Altered perceptions
  • Ex. lsd, psilocybin
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12
Q

Nicotine and marijuana

A
  • neither quite fit neatly into the above categories
  • Nicotine- mild stimulant and relaxant
  • Weed- hallucinogenic and relaxant
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13
Q

psychotherapeutic drugs

A
  • wide variety of substances for control of mental/behavioral problems
  • ex. antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics
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14
Q

Expectancy and drugs

A
  • Belief that drug will have an effect will influence the experience that the individual has
  • Preconceived idea will also influence the effect
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15
Q

factors that influence the drug experience

A
  1. pharmacological effects
  2. Characteristics of the user
  3. environment
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16
Q

Pharmacological effects of the drug

A
  • Chemical properties and actions on the body
  • Dosage
  • route of administration (amount and speed)
17
Q

Characteristics of the drug user

A
  • genetic makeup
  • tolerance
18
Q

environment and drug experience

A

setting in which a drug is used

19
Q

Drug use vs drug misuse

A
  • Drug use: use of drugs that can be stopped with no impact on the user
  • Drug misuse: use of drugs that causes harm to the user or others affected by the users behavior
  • Misuse-Dependence-Addiction is terminology often incorrectly used interchangeably mainly because it has changed with revisions of the DSM
20
Q

The DSM

A
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
  • Written by American Psychological Association (APA), research based
  • Updated only when there are significant advances in our understanding of mental disorders
  • The DSM-5 (2013) is the most recent edition
21
Q

DSM-5 and Alcohol use disorder

A
  • Before the DSM 5, abuse and dependence were separate diagnoses that are now both under “use disorder” in the DSM 5
  • Contains impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and physical dependencies (tolerance and withdrawal effects)
22
Q

Subtance-Induced Disorders

A
  • Delirium
  • Sexual Dysfunction
  • Sleep disorder
  • Amnestic disorder
  • Withdrawal
  • Anxiety
  • etc

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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