Lecture 1 Flashcards
Exam 1
1
Q
Pharmacology
A
Scientific study of drugs (scientific=research based evidence)
2
Q
Psychopharmacology
A
scientific study of the effects of drugs on behavior
3
Q
neuropharmacology
A
scientific study of effects of drugs on the brain (the link to understand whyyyy we behave the way we do when exposed to various drugs)
4
Q
neuropsychopharmacology
A
scientific study of the effects of drugs on behavior through action on the brain
5
Q
What is a drug?
A
- A chemical entity or mixture of chemicals that is introduced to the body
- Not required for the maintenance of health (unique, outside, foreign chemical)
- Alters biological function or structure (can create changes in the way the body and brain work)
6
Q
What is a psychoactive drug?
A
- A drug that affects mood, cognition, and/or behavior (most drugs are classified as psychoactive)
- This is an umbrella term that can be broken into various groups
7
Q
Why do people use drugs?
A
- Religious practices
- Alter moods/state
- Stimulation (relieve boredom)
- Social interaction
- Self-medicate
- Pleasure
Drug misuse has been around foreverrrrr
8
Q
Oldest records of drug use
Hashish and Cocaine?
A
- Hashish (opium) and cocaine were used in the Stone Ages!!!
- Used to alter states of consciousness (religious) and to prepare for battle
9
Q
Oldest records of drug use
Alcohol
A
- -6400 BC
- Accidental fermentation
- Grape wine did not appear untiil 300-400 BC
10
Q
Oldest records of drug use
Opium Poppy
A
-5000 BC in Asia Minor
-Used as a “joy plant”
11
Q
Oldest records of drug use
Cannabis sativa (weed)
A
- 2700 BC in China
- Used to treat gout and “absentmindedness”
12
Q
Oldest records of drug use
Coca leaves (source of cocaine)
A
- -2500 BC
- Evidence of chewed coca leaves found in Indian burial sites in Central and South America
13
Q
Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory
Columbus and pilgrims
A
- Columbus learned about peyote and tobacco
- Pilgrims introduced alcohol to the Native Americans
14
Q
Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory
19th century patent medicines
A
- Drugs available in grocery stores and mail ordered (some combo of drugs bought and used to treat whatever)
- Included opium, morphine, marijuana, heroin, and cocaine (knowledge of psychoactive effects but no understanding of the chemistry/biology behind it)
- Opium mixed with alcohol was often given to crying babies, called laudanum
- Addiction occured but there was no knowledge of what that meant or why it happened
15
Q
What was laudanum?
A
Mix of opium and alcohol given to crying babies
16
Q
Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory
19th century Morphine
A
- Morphine is the active ingredient from opium poppy and was isolated in 1806
- Named after Morpheus the god of sleep and dreams due to its effects
- Widely used during and after the Civil War, there was an especially huge rise after
- Morphine was drinkable as a syrup or as an injectable version after the invention of the hypodermic needle in the 1840s
- Evidence of addiction but called “soldier’s disease”
17
Q
Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory
Marijuana 19th century
A
- liquid extract prescribed as a general all-purpose medication
- nonmedical use rose in the 1920s and again in the 60s
- currently on the rise due to legalization
18
Q
Naturally Occuring Drugs- US HIstory
Cocaine- 19th century
A
- Often added to “tonics” and patent medicines in the late 1800s and early 1900s
- Considered a controlled substance in 1914
- Popularity and purity rose in the 1960s with increased trafficking (there was more knowledge on how to better purify it)
19
Q
Synthetics in the US
Amphetamines
A
- Treatment for depression in the 1930s and given to soldiers in WW2 for alertness
- Also prescribed for weight control in the 60s and 70s but fell out of favor due to the other side effects
20
Q
Synthetics in the US
Heroin
A
- Synthesized in the late 1890s
- Used by soldiers during the Vietnam War to treat pains
- Also advertised and sold as “the sedative for coughs”
- Popularity and purity has increased as part of the opium epidemic
21
Q
Synthetics in the US
Inhalants
A
Solvents like gasoline, glue, paint, and aerosols
22
Q
Synthetics in the US
“Club Drugs”
A
- MDMA, GHB, Ketamine, Rohypnol, LSD
- Popular in parties, raves, to enhance lights and sounds
- Popular in 90s and early 2000s
23
Q
Penalizing drug use around the world
A
- Egyptian priests degraded alcohol users
- 17th century prince in England paid money for people to denounce coffee drinkers (attempted to control and reduce the use)
- Russian Tzar executed those found with tobacco
24
Q
1736 Gin Act
A
- In England alcohol was made too expensive for the poor to buy
25
Opium Wars
* 1839 and 1856
* British imported opium from India to China and this helped to drive high addiction rates in China
* China did not want the drug being brought in but Britain won the 1st war and was granted rights to a port in Hong Kong (Treaty of Nanking) which ended in 1997
* The 2nd War led to heavy taxation of opium import (Treaty of Tientsin)
26
# US War on Drugs
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
* Accurate labeling of quantities of drugs (opium, morphine, heroin, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) for the first time
* Also tried to ban foreign and interstate traffic of adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products
* Intention was to help dissuade new addicts but the act had no real impact on drug use or addiction
* Brought about the idea that labels may bring people to rhink more about what they are putting into their bodies
* Products were still falsely advertising therapeutic claims though
* So, the Shirley Amemndement Act of 1912 was created and paved the way for the FDA
27
What was the Shirley Amendment Act of 1912?
* Prohibited labeling medicines with false therapeutic claims intended to defraud the purchaser
* Paved the way for the Food and Drug Administration
28
# US War on Drugs
Harrison Narcotic Act (1914)
* Put in place to try to control the selling of narcotics (drugs that include the opiods)
* Licensing was now required to prescribe and market narcotics (mainly opium and morphine), was not meant to be punitive... incorrectly included cocaine as a narcotic
* Was a consequence of the US signing the Hague Convention of 1912 (an international agreement to regulate opium trafficking)
* Regulation did not mean prohibition, just paid more attention to who was using, etc.
* Did not decrease drug use, drug use just shifted to other opiods especially heroin which was less regulated and easily available in the black market
29
# US War on Drugs
Alcohol Prohibition
* 1920, 18th amendment
* Prohibited the production, sale, transportation, and importing of alcohol in the US
* Defined intoxicating beverage as >.05% alcohol (current non-alcoholic beers)
* Did not prohibit consumption of alcoholic beverages kept at home
* Repealed in 1933 under the 21st amendment
30
# US War on Drugs
Benefits of Alcohol Prohibition (what decreased)
* Per capita alcohol use
* Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis
* Alcohol use disorders
* Accidents due to alcohol
31
# US War on Drugs
Federal bureau of Narcotics
* Established in 1930
* Later named the DEA-1973
* Mission to eradicate weed use
* Harry Anslinger's 1st commissioner for the Bureau used "race-card" to convince Congress in 1937 to pass Marijuana Tax Act
32
# US War on Drugs
Controlled Substances Act (1970)
* Established drug classifications
* Beginning of law enforcement on drugs
* Rose significantly in the 1980s with the anti-drug act to try and stop the use and trafficking of a variety of drugs
