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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Lecture 27- Cannabis and Hallucinogens > Flashcards

Lecture 27- Cannabis and Hallucinogens Flashcards

1
Q

Cannabis medical use history

A
  • historically used to treat many ailments
  • marijuana is a schedule 1 drug- prohibited from medical use
  • spurred by use of marijuana in AIDS patients (reduces vomiting and stimulates appetite)- cannabis clubs were organizations that purchase bulk marijuna and sell/give away to patients
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1
Q

cannabis medical uses- cancer

A
  • nausea/vomiting, pain
  • downside is the mental effects- disorienting/uncomfortable
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2
Q

cannabis medical uses- glaucoma (intra-ocular pressure)

A
  • weed reduces pressure but…
  • weed may reduce blood flow to optic nerve and has side-effects
  • developing synthetics and/or topical application to reduce side-effects
  • experts believe that non-THC meds may have greater benefits
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2
Q

cannabis medical uses- cachexia (wasting away syndrome)

A

stimulates appetite

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2
Q

cannabis medical uses-other

A
  • potential treatment of numerous disorders/diseases
  • chronic pain, epilepsy, hypertension, asthma, anxiety, Alzheimer’s depression, etc
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3
Q

legalization

A

debate over medical legalization likely will continue for some time, synthetics may be the solution

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4
Q

what schedule are synthetic cannabinoids?

A

3 (medical use allowed)

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5
Q

Marinol (dronabinol) and Cesamet

A

synthetic weed used for anti-nausea (for cancer patients)

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6
Q

synthetics

sativex

A

oral spray, painkiller for MS and rheumatoid arthritis

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7
Q

synthetics

rimonabant

A
  • inverse agonist
  • obesity and alzheimers
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8
Q

What are the benefits of synthetics?

A
  • they target specific receptors (CB1 or CB2)
  • so, they only produce the wated effect without side effects
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9
Q

What is the downside of synthetics

A

effects are slow because of formulation (oral)

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10
Q

Dose CBD make THC safer?

A
  • PANSS- positive and negative syndrome scale measures severity of psychotic symptoms (adverse effects of thc)
  • least score with largest cbd to thc ratio
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11
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A
  • drugs that radically change a person’s mental state by distorting the perception of reality, in some cases to the point of hallucinations
  • illusionogenic, psychomimetic, psychedelic, and mind expanding
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12
Q

Serotonergic hallucinogens list

A

LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin

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13
Q

Methylated amphetamines list

A

MDA and MDMA (esctasy)

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14
Q

anticholinergic hallucinogens list

A

mandrake, henbane, belladonna, and jimsonweed

15
Q

dissociative anesthetics list

A

angel dust and ketamine

16
Q

Serotonergic hallucinogens estimated origins

A
  • vary
  • mainly found in religious ceremonies (visions/oracles)
  • mushroom (psilocybin) before 1000 BC, still used today in rituals in parts of mexico
17
Q

Discovery of LSD (first synthetic 5-HT hallucinogen)

A
  • began in Basel, Switzerland (chemist Dr. Albert Hoffman, 1938)-derivative of fungus, ergot
  • Stumbled on LSD accidentally
  • initially distributed for psychotherapy by Sandoz Labs to break patients ego so psychotherapy would work better
18
Q

Serotonergic hallucinogens -60s

A
  • no impact on US/europe until psychedelic movement of 60s- took over much of western culture
  • became most controversial drugs
19
Q

How many people tried LSD in the US in the ’60s

A
  • 2 million
  • lead to claims of helath risks including insanity, suicide and violence
20
Q

LSD trends in history

A
  • declined in 70s
  • ressurgence in 90s
  • some decline in 00s
  • new resurgence now
21
Q

LSD potency

A
  • LSD street dose is 50-150 micrograms w effective dose as low as 10 ug
  • hoffman took 250 ug on his 1st experiment

for reference, an aspirin tablet is 325,000 ug

22
Q

Why are serotonergic drugs associated w serotonin

A

all contain a chemical group that serotonin has

23
Q

How many classes of serotonin receptors?

A
  • 7 classes
  • 14 known subtypes
  • most metabotropic but some ionotropic
24
Q

Where is serotonin produced and then sent

A

produced in the raphe nucleus then sent through the CNS

found in the brain, blood and GI tract

25
Q

What does serotonin regulate

A
  • sleep, mood, impusivity, and cognition

can cause analgesia, sleepiness and appetite changes

26
Q

LSD mechanism of action

A
  • alters serotonin NT system
  • mah mimic natural serotonin
  • higher affinity for certain serotonin receptors (5HT2A)
  • partial agonist
26
Q

Mescaline mechanism of action

A
  • psychoactive compound in peyote cactus
  • mescaline’s chemical structure differs from LSD but still acts primarily on 5-HT receptors
  • cross-tolerance occurs between mescaline and LSD
27
Q

Pharmacogynamics of serotonin hallucinogens

A
  • LSD most potent- effects after 20 mins that last 8-12 hours
  • Morning glory seeds (lysergic acid amide) is 10% as potent as LSD
  • Psilocybin is variable in mushrooms, but around 1% as potent as LSD
  • Mecaline is 1/3000 as potent but lasts 10-14 hours
  • DMT (plant used to make tea) effects start 1 minute after taking but only last 1 hour
28
Q

5-HT hallucinogens past psychotherapeutic use

A
  • used to produce model psychosis, induced hallucinations analogous to schizophrenia in psychotherapists
    visual vs. auditory
29
Q

What is chlorpromazine

A

an anti-psychotic that is an effective antagonist of LSD

30
Q

Psychotherapeutic use

A
  • gain important info from psychotic pateints when under influence
  • breaks down ego defenses
  • risks outweighed benefits
31
Q

Physiological effects

A
  • similar to cocaine/amphetamine
  • sympathomimetic: pupil dilation, increased HR and BP and body temp, sweating
32
Q

Psychological effects hallucinations

A
  • visual, vivid, and dream-like hallucinations
  • synesthesia: perception of stimulus other than how it is presented, seeing music
33
Q

Other psychological effects

A
  • labile mood (easily altered): magical thinking, cosmic significance
  • altered cognitive experiences, enduring effects (therapeutic potential)
34
Q

“bad trips”

A
  • acute paranoia and psychotic state, usually if unknowingly taken
35
Q

advice for handling someone on a bad trip

A

calm, reassure, decrease noise and light, allow movement, seek medical attention

36
Q

flashbacks

A
  • months and/or years later, usually not too severe but some cases are
37
Q

psychiatric disorders

A
  • manson family?
  • generally involves individuals w prepsychotic symptoms before drug use

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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