Lecture 15- Tobacco/Vaping (Nicotine) Flashcards
Exam 2
History of Nicotine
- Comes from nicotania tabacum plant- indigenous to Americas
- Introduced to Spanish first who monopolized the world tobacco market
- English got in the business when nicotania tabacum was found in the Virginia colony (John Rolfe)
- Initially very expensive, became widespread by 17th century
- Signs of addictive properties evident in 17th century
- African natives traded land, livestock, and slaves for tobacco… resulted in extreme punishment by government
Claims of tobacco medicinal properties
- appplied externally for pain/skin diseases/injuries
- diseases of the ears, eyes, mouth, and nose
- oral injection to reach other organs such as lungs, stomach, and teeth
- intestinal canal
- vagina via injection
Isolation of nicotine
- first isolated from tobacco leaves in 1828
- German Chemists, WH Pooselt and LA Reimaann
- Named after French ambassador to Portugal (Nicot) who conducted careful experiments w tobacco as a medicinal herb
- Extremely toxic- similar to cyanide (60 mg can kill a human)
- Of considerable medical significance because of its toxicity and propensity for addiction
What year was nicotine first isolated from leaves of tobacco?
1828
Which chemists isolated nicotine?
- W.H. Pooselt and L.A. Reimann
Who is nicotine named after?
A French ambassador to Portugal (Nicot) who conducted careful experiments with tobacco as a medicinal herb
How toxic is tobacco?
- Extremely toxic-similar to cyanide
- 60 mg can kill a human
Why is tobacco of considerable medical significance?
because of its toxicity and propensity for addiction
Where does nicotine come from?
the nicotania tabacum plant
When and why did signs of tobacco’s addictive properties become evident?
- In the 17th century
- African natives traded land, livestock, and slaves for tobacco which resulted in extreme punishment by the government
Tobacco processing- curing
Air
- hung and allowed to dry for 4-8 weeks
- cigar and burley tobaccos
- Low sugar, light-sweet flavor, high nicotine
Tobacco processing- curing
Fire
- hung and hardwood is burned in the vicinity for 3-10 days
- pipe, chewing tobacco, snuff
- low sugar, smoky, high nicotine
Tobacco processing- curing
Flue
- strung onto tobacco sticks, hung in flue (exposure to low heat with no smoke) for one week
- high sugar, medium-high nicotine
Tobacco processing- curing
Sun
- dries uncovered in the sun
- “oriental tobacco” (mediterranean countries)
- low sugar and nicotine
Cigarettes: mass popularization
Mechanization of production
- 1883, James Bonsack invented the rolling machine
Cigarettes: mass popularization
the safety match
- 1805
- Jean Chancel (French) invented self-igniting match
What three things led to the mass popularization of cigarettes?
- invention of rolling machine and safety match (self-igniting match)
- Advertising/mass marketing
How many cigarretes were smoked in 1963 in America?
enough for every adult to have more than half a pack a day
Tobacco trend in the latter 20th century
- usage reduced in part due to surgeon’s general warning
- US Surgeon General Luther Terry addressed press conference at the release of the 1964 report on smoking and health
1999 Cig Ads
- Major tobacco companies were sued for 50+ years of civil fraud and racketeering (aka offereing a dishonest service)
2006 Cig Ads
- Companies were ordered to put stronger language and warning labels, and include details about effects of smoking on ads
What 3 things make it so important to study smoking
- Social and clinical significance
- Ubiquitous- widespread
- Addictiveness- the most addictive
Tobacco Addictive Liability percentages
- Ever Used: 75.6%
- Addiction: 24.1%
- Risk of Addiction: 31.9%
- Makes it top 3 (only below cocaine and heroin)
What is the most common drug used by adolescents?
tobacco
Why does smoking start at such a young age?
What 4 things contribute to smoking starting at such a young age?
- Biological
- Biopsychological
- Psychological
- Social/environmental
Why does smoking start at such a young age?
Biological
The adolescent brain is more sensitive to rewarding/reinforcing effects of nicotine
Why does smoking start at such a young age?
Biopsychological
- personality characteristics (ex. hostility and aggrestion) leads to increased stimulation by nicotine
- Having these personality characteristics gives one predisposition to continued use
Why does smoking start at such a young age?
Psychological
- novelty seekers are more receptive to tobacco ads
Why does smoking start at such a young age?
Social/environmental
- trying to fit in
- parent/family acceptance of nicotine use
what kind of molecule is nicotine
a small lipid and water soluble molecule
Routes of administration
Inhalation
- lungs absorb
- within 10 sec nicotine reaches the brain
Routes of administration
Smokeless tobacco
- peak plasma level in about 15 minutes
- Slowest method
- usually buccal (sublingual)
Routes of administration
Nicotine gum
peak plasma level in about 30 minutes, used for treatment
Routes of administration
Transdermal
- skin patches
- peak plasma level in about 5-12 hours
- used for treatment
Routes of administration
Nicotine inhaler
- nasal absorption within 1 minute
ADMET- distribution
- quickly distributes throughout the body
- reaches brain in 7-20 seconds when smoked
- Amount absorbed depends on type of tobacco, smoked, filter
- Receptors become saturated quickly- the short lived psychoactive effects lead smokers to repeatedly dose themselves
- Detected in blood, saliva, and urine
ADMET-ME
- Metabolized/Eliminated in around 2 hours
- Liver-converted to cotanine
- detectable for weeks
MAOIs and tobacco
tobacco contains monoamine oxidase inhibitors
What happens when you smoke? (nicotine content)
- Nicotine content of cigarettes: .5-2.0 mgs
- Nicotine that gets into blood: .1-.4 mgs (about 20%)
- Variation may be due to the smoker (# of puffs, length of each puff)
