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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Lecture 29- Psychotherapeutics > Flashcards

Lecture 29- Psychotherapeutics Flashcards

Final Exam!

1
Q

What does it mean to be a “psychotherapeutic” drug?

A
  • “Exert a special or unique effect on the mind or mental functioning”
  • Key word: therapetic
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2
Q

What were some non-pharmacological treatments used throughout history to treat mental illness?

A
  • Bloodletting (removing blood to “remain in proper balance”)
  • hot irons
  • flogging (hit w whip or stick)
  • revolving chairs
  • starvation
  • sneezing powder
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3
Q

What was the goal of historical non-pharmacological treatments for mental illnesses?

A
  • to “cleanse” those with mental illness
  • was done without scientific report
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4
Q

What is a lobotomy?

A
  • a discredited form of neurosurgical treatment for psychiatric disorder or neurological disorder that involves severing connections in the brain’s prefrontal cortex
  • used in late 19th and early 20th centuries
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5
Q

What did Louis Pasteur invent/find?

A
  • discovered the principles of vaccination
  • pasteurization (the partial sterilization via mild heat of a product to make it safe to consume and imporve its keeping quality)
  • germ theory (idea that cerain diseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms)

19th century (1800s)

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6
Q

What did Semon Waksman find/invent?

A
  • antibiotics
  • streptomycin (treats TB and other infections) and neomycin (treats and prevents infection in minor cuts, scrapes, or burns as well as hepatic coma)

WWII era

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7
Q

What did Emil Kraepelin, Phillip Pinel, and JE Esquirol do? When did this occur?

A
  • developed a mental illness classification system
  • believed scientific understanding was a prerequisite for treatment

pre-3rd revolution (pre-chlorpromazine era), 1800s-early 1900s

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8
Q

What was cannabis used for pre-3rd revolution (pre-chlorpromazine era)?

A
  • Moreau used cannabis for treating depressin and manic patients
  • Had temporary effects
  • Replace disorder’s symtpoms with “good” effects of drugs
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9
Q

Historical overview

What were amphetamines used for?

A

narcolepsy

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10
Q

Historical overview

What was CO2 used for?

A

neuroses and psychoses

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11
Q

Historical overview

What were other historical methods for treating mental illness?

A
  • antihistamines
  • insulin shock
  • psychosurgery (surgically disconnecting brain structures)
  • electroshock therapy (still used today)
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12
Q

Lithium historical overview

A
  • John Cade discovered lithium’s abilities to treat mania in the 1940s
  • Not approved in the US until 1970 due to toxicity concerns
  • Still used today for bipolar disorder
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13
Q

What is the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R)?

A
  • 9,000 adult household survey (age 18+)
  • focused on anxiety (panic, PTSD), mood (depression, bipolar), impulse-control (ADHD), substance abuse
  • didn’t include homeless, institutionalized, or prisoners
  • didn’t access less common psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism

done in 2005

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14
Q

National Comorbidity Survey Prelication (NCS-R) Findings:

According to this survey, how many adults are affected by mental illness?

A
  • 1 in 4 US adults yearly
  • of which 1 in 4 had a serious disorder that affects day to day
  • around 50% of US adults meet criteria for mental illness at some point in lives
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15
Q

National Comorbidity Survey Prelication (NCS-R) Findings:

What were the percentages of various mental illness found in this survey?

A
  • anxiety- 18%
  • mood- 10%
  • impulse- 9%
  • substance- 15%
  • comorbidity in about half
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16
Q

National Comorbidity Survey Prelication (NCS-R) Findings

According to this survey, did most people get treatment for their mental illness symptoms?

A

NO

17
Q

National Comorbidity Survey Prelication (NCS-R) Findings:

According to this survey, when do symptoms appear?

A
  • early
  • 1/2 experienced symptoms by 14 years old
18
Q

What is considered serious mental illness according to the NIMH?

A

mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder resulting in serious functional impairment, interfering with or limiting major life activites

19
Q

Do men or women use more psychotherapeutics?

A

women’s psychotherapeutic usage is 2 times higher than men’s

20
Q

How does psychotherapeutic use change with age?

A

use increases with age, most dramatically in men

21
Q

In which types of individuals is higher psychotherapeutic use seen?

A
  • living alone
  • more education
  • more income
22
Q

Problems with psychotherapeutics

A
  • criminal
  • medical
  • misuse (including non-intentional)… like w benzodiazepines that we previously discussed
23
Q

Famous patients with schizophrenia

A
  • John Nash- won the nobel prize in Economic Sciences (1994)
  • Elyn Saks- professor of law, psychology, and behavioral sciences at University South Carolina
24
Q

Famous patients with MDD

A
  • Dwane Johnson
  • Jim Carrey
25
Q

Famous patients with bipolar disorder

A
  • Demi Lovato
  • Mariah Carey
26
Q

What is psychosis?

A
  • loss of contact with reality
  • disorganized thinking and bizarre behavior
27
Q

What are antipsychotics?

A
  • Phenothiazines neuroleptic medication (neural depressants) or major tranquilizers
  • beginning with Chlorpromazine
28
Q

Historical Overview: Chlorpromazine Era

Who synthesized Chlorpromazine and when?

A
  • Paul Charpentier
  • 1950
29
Q

Historical Overview: Chlorpromazine Era

What was chlorpromazine initially used for?

A
  • Anesthesia
  • decreased surgical anxiety and shock
  • suggested for use in psychiatry
30
Q

Historical Overview: Chlorpromazine Era

What was chlorpromazine’s use in Val-de Grace military hospital (in Paris)

A
  • Calmed psychotic patients, made them less excited
  • thoughts became less chaotic
  • did not exprience loss of consciousness
31
Q

Historical Overview: Chlorpromazine Era

What happened as a result of chlorpromazine spreading worldwide?

A
  • After chlorpromazine spread worldwide, the number of hospitalized psychiatric patients in the US dropped
  • Went from 600,000 (1955) to 150,000 (today) psychiatric patients’ hospitalized
  • Outpatient treatment/facilities have become more popular, and other drugs have certainly contributed to this
32
Q

Post Chlorpromazine Era

What was Reserprine used for and what happened?

A
  • used starting in 1954, originally intended for arterial hypertension
  • Side-effect of symptoms of indifference
  • took several weeks for effectiveness to kick in
  • patients often depressed so ultimately never took off
33
Q

What has happened historically post-chlorpromazine era?

A

Advances in:
* anti-anxiety (as previously discussed)
* antidepressants (MAOIs, tricyclics, SSRIs)
* ketamine
Also:
* Use of LSD as a model psychosis but with limited success

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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