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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Lecture 22- Alcohol > Flashcards

Lecture 22- Alcohol Flashcards

Exam 3

1
Q

What is the main substance consumed when you drink alcohol?

A
  • Ethenyl
  • Our bodies produce it naturally and are equipped to get rid of it
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2
Q

metabolism when bac is <0.1 g/dl

What is the process of metabolism in the liver when bac is <0.1 g/dl?

A
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase converts ethanol into acetaldehyde (also gives out water in process)
  • Acetaldehyde (our body is equipped to get rid of it) is broken down into acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase
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3
Q

What breaks down acetaldehyde and what does it get turned into?

A
  • aldehyde dehydrogenase breaks down acetaldehyde
  • final product is acetate
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4
Q

What is acetate metabolized to?

A
  • CO2 and water or acetyl-CoA
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5
Q

What does acetaldehyde do?

A

is toxic and may be involved in the “hangover” effect

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6
Q

How does metabolism work when alcohol is in excess (>).1g/dl(22mM)?

A
  • The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
  • produces acetaldehyde to acetate again via aldehyde dehydrogenase
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7
Q

What is cytochrome P450? What utilizes it?

A
  • Utilized by microsomal ethanol oxidizing system
  • prodces a bunch of byproducts including toxins, free radicals, and H2O2
  • overtime this can lead to damage at cellular and organ level
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8
Q

What does Disulfiram “Antabuse” do?

A
  • blocks the enzyme aldehyde dehyrogenase, leading to more acetaldehyde (makes it take longer to break down into acetate)
  • this makes the hangover effect way worse
  • issues: ppl can just not take the pill
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9
Q

What metabolizes the majority of ethanol and what can this cause?

A
  • the liver
  • fatty acid builds up in the liver, leading to cell death
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10
Q

Stages that lead to liver failure

A
  • Alcoholic fatty liver
  • alcoholic hepatitis
  • cirrhosis
  • liver failure
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11
Q

How do men and women differ when it comes to metabolizing alcohol?

A
  • males have more involvement of the stomach in the break-down of alcohol (they begin breaking down alcohol much faster than females)
  • this may have to do w enzymes
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12
Q

Excretion of alcohol

A
  • 2-8% unchanged through lungs: why breathalyzers are useful for determining BAL
  • 90-95% oxidized slowly via kidney
  • Alc increases urination
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13
Q

How does alcohol increase urination?

A
  • via ingestion of liquid
  • and suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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14
Q

Why is alcohol called a dirty drug?

A
  • has multiple mechanisms of action
  • no such thing as a nonspecific effect, all effects (although there are many) are quite specific
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15
Q

Alcohol and the reward system

A
  • effects opioid peptide neurons, GABA-ergic terminals, glutamate terminals on the NAc
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16
Q

What does alc do interms of GABA and Glutamate?

A
  • both enhances inhibition via GABA and decreases excitation via glutamate
17
Q

Alc mechanism of action

A
  • disturbes fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory influences, results in: anxiolysis, amnesia, ataxia, and sedation
  • number of puntative sites of action have been identified; likely produces its effects by simultaneously altering function of numerous proteins that affect neuronal excitability
18
Q

Additional sites of action

ligand-gated ion channels

A
  • nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  • serotonin (5-HT3) receptors
19
Q

Additional sites of action

multiple metabotropic receptors

A
  • dopamine receptors
  • opiod receptors
20
Q

Additional sites of action

voltage-gated channels

A
  • calcium channels
  • sodium channels
21
Q

Alcohol peripheral effects

A
  • dilates blood vessels
  • decreases body temperature
  • increases effect of other depressant drugs
22
Q

Chronic use effect on tolerance

A
  • for a non-tolerant individual .4-.5 bac is enough to cause death
  • however, in a tolerant individual… people seen driving with bac up to .77%!! .4g/dl will not be lethal
23
Q

BAC g/dl 0.05-0.1 (non-tolerant individual/acute intoxication) effect

11-22 mM

A
  • subjective high (buzz)
  • anxiolysis
  • sedation
24
Q

BAC g/dl 0.1-0.2 (non-tolerant individual/acute intoxication) effects

22-44 mM

A
  • motor impairment
  • slurred speech
  • blackouts
25
Q

BAC g/dl 0.2-0.3 (non-tolerant individual/acute intoxication) effects

44-66 mM

A
  • emesis (vomiting)
  • stupor (near-unconsciousness)
26
Q

BAC g/dl 0.3-.4 (non-tolerant individual/acute intoxication)

44-88mM

A

coma

27
Q

BAC g/dl >.5 (non-tolerant individual/acute intoxication) effect

A
  • respiraory depression
  • death
28
Q

Tolerances seen w alcohol

A
  • acute tolerance: tolerance occurs within a few hours
  • chronic tolerance: needing more alcohol to produce the same effects
  • metabolic tolerance: increase in the enzymes that break down and get rid of alcohol int he body
29
Q

Alcohol dependence/withdrawal symptoms

A
  • sleep disruption
  • ANS (sympathetic) activation
  • tremors
  • seizures
  • psychological dependence- may occur w regular use of moderate daily amounts
30
Q

Alcohol positive reinforcing effects

A
  • slow due to PK
  • gain pleasure
  • altered consciousness
  • conform to behavior of peers
31
Q

Alcohol negative reinforcing effects

A
  • relief of stress and negative emotions
  • relief of withdrawal symptoms

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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