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Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior > Fetal Drug Exposure > Flashcards

Fetal Drug Exposure Flashcards

1
Q

What can have profound effects on the developing fetus?

A

in utero exposure to legal and ilicit drugs

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2
Q

When, and under what circumstances, does a newborn undergo physical withdrawal?

A
  • only with certain drugs
  • if the mother consumes close to the time of labor
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3
Q

For a newborn to experience physical withdrawal, when does the mom have to consume the drug?

A

close to the time of labor

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4
Q

How are drugs distributed throughout the body?

A

via blood

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5
Q

What allows the mother to share blood supply with the developing fetus?

A

the placenta, thanks to the umbilical cord

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6
Q

What is the placenta’s purpose?

A

It is a biological filter

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7
Q

Regarding the placenta, what is the issue with using drugs while pregnant?

A
  • many drugs can cross through the placenta
  • some evidence that certain drugs and metabolites can’t leave the placenta
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8
Q

In what form can drugs cross through the placenta?

A

either intact or as metabolites

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9
Q

The developing brain contains the same receptors as the adult brain. T/F

A

True

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10
Q

Why does the mother using drugs affect the developing fetus?

A

Because the developing brain contains the same receptors as the adult brain:
* drugs affect behavior in utero
* drugs lead to neuroadaptations in adults, and so they will can also lead to neuroadaptation in the developing fetus

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11
Q

What are the reproductive effects of caffeine in animals?

A
  • congenital (at birth) abnormalities
  • reproductive failures
  • premature births
  • low birth weight
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12
Q

Pregnant women are advised that it is okay to drink caffeine (T/F)

A

false

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13
Q

Why are pregnant women advised to restrict caffeine?

A

Researchers are unsure if findings are relevant to the use of ordinary amounts of caffeine-containing beverages by pregnant women

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14
Q

What does tobacco use during pregnancy increase the risk of?

A
  • premature birth
  • low birth weight
  • miscarriage
  • still birth
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15
Q

What are the long-term behavioral effects associated with tobacco use during pregnancy?

A
  • disturbed maternal-infant interaction
  • ADHD
  • conduct disorder/aggression/antisocial behavior
  • tobacco use and dependence
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16
Q

2016 US Data from CDC

What percent of women who gave birth smoked during pregnancy?

A

7.2%

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17
Q

2016 US Data from CDC

What ages have the highest prevalence rates of smoking during pregnancy?

A
  1. Ages 20-24
  2. Ages 15-19
  3. Ages 25-29
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18
Q

2016 US Data from CDC

What percent of 15-19 year olds smoke during pregnancy?

A

8.5%

19
Q

2016 US Data from CDC

What percent of 20-24 year olds smoke during pregnancy?

A

10.7%

20
Q

2016 US Data from CDC

What percent of 25-29 year olds smoke during pregnancy?

A

8.2%

21
Q

2016 US Data from CDC

What level of education has the highest rates of smoking while pregnancy?

A

Women with a high school education

22
Q

What percent of women vape during pregnancy?

A

1.2-7%

23
Q

What happens when women smoke and use birth control pills?

A

They are especially vulnerable (39x) to suffer from stroke and other circulatory disease

24
Q

What does smoking weed during pregnancy increase the risk of?

A
  • childhood cancer
  • premature birth
25
Q

What are the teratogenic effects of weed consumption?

A
  • reduced fetal growth
  • reduced head circumference
  • decreased inner-diameter of aorta
26
Q

What are the long-term behavioral effects of smoking? Impairs…

A
  • high order executive function
  • attention
  • visual memory
  • impulsivity
27
Q

What neuroadaptation occurs to the fetus as a result of weed use during pregnancy?

A

reduction in DA D2 receptors

28
Q

NSDUH -2016 to 2017 rates

What percent of pregnant women used weed in the past month?

A

7%

29
Q

NSDUH 2016-2017 Rates

What percent of pregnant women smoke weed in the first trimester?

A

12.1%

30
Q

How did COVID impact weed use during pregnancy?

A

Increased from 6.75% (before covid) to 8.14% (after covid)

31
Q

What terms are given to babies when they were exposed to cocaine in utero?

A
  • crack baby
  • jittery baby syndrome
32
Q

What happens to a pregnant mother using cocaine due to the drug’s sympathomimetic effects?

A

vasoconstriction

33
Q

What happens due to vasocontriction from cocaine use in pregnant women?

A

decreased blood flow, which decreases oxygen to placenta and baby

34
Q

What can happen as a result of decreased oxygen flow to placenta and baby with cocaine use by mother?

A
  • placental detachment
  • fetal death
  • low birth weight
  • preterm labor
35
Q

What are the direct effects of mother using coke to the fetus?

A

Neonatal Neurological Syndrome, which includes:
* poor sleeping
* poor feeding
* tremors/seizures

36
Q

What are the long-term behavioral effects that can happen from cocaine use during pregnancy?

A
  • ADHD/ other learnnig disabilities
  • Difficults dealing with multiple stimuli at onece
  • difficulty with unstructured situations
37
Q

What are the prenatal neuroadaptations that occur as a result of cocaine use? (PFC BDNF study)

A
  • Embyonic: less BDNF than controls
  • Juvenile: more BDNF than controls (women much higher than males)
  • Adult: more BDNF than controls (especially with men)
38
Q

Do healthy women or men have more BDNF?

A

women

39
Q

How does brain activity change for controls vs those who were prenatally exposed to coke?

A
  • Brain activity decreases for controls over time
  • Brain activity increases for cocaine exposed overtime
40
Q

What disorder occurs due to opioid use during pregnancy?

A

Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS)

previously called NAS

41
Q

What is the rate of NOWS? How has it changed?

A
  • rates dramatically increased due to increased opioid abuse
  • now at 7% (2019)
42
Q

What are the symptoms of NOWS?

A
  • similar to those of opioid withdrawal in adults
  • irritability/crying
  • anxiety
  • abnominal distress
  • strabismus
43
Q

What are the long-term behavioral effects associated with opioid use during pregnancy?

A
  • cognitive function delay
  • anxiety
  • aggression
  • disruptive/inattentive behavior

not well known!

44
Q

What are the neuroadaptations associated with opioid exposure in utero? Which sex experiences this worse?

A
  • impaired working memory
  • reduced neurogenesis

much worse in females (practically sex-specific)

Psyc 330- Drugs and Behavior (40 decks)

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