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Bio > Lecture 24 > Flashcards

Lecture 24 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Primary function of digestive system

A

Supply nutrients from food to blood -> cells

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2
Q

Processes enabling digestive syst to work are

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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3
Q

2 main categories of digestive system

A
  1. GI tract
  2. Accessory structures
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4
Q

GI tract is

A

Tube open at both ends for transit of food during processing

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5
Q

GI tract includes

A

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small/large intestines

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6
Q

Accessory structures do what

A

Contribute to food processing

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7
Q

Accessory structures include

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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8
Q

Mechanical digestion is

A

Physical breakdown of food

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9
Q

Two sites of mechanical digestion

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Stomach (most happens in it)
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10
Q

Mouth mechanical digestion

A

Teeth/tongue breakdown food in smaller pieces by chewing, grinding, cutting, mixing etc (mastication)

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11
Q

Stomach mechanical digestion

A

Contraction of various layers of smooth muscle grind food in smaller pieces, help mix food with acidic gastric juices

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12
Q

Chemical digestion is

A

Chemical breakdown of larger into smaller molecules using enzymes

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13
Q

Reason for chemical digestion

A

Intestinal lining can only absorb very small molecules

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14
Q

Locations of chemical digestion

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Stomach
  3. First section of small intestine (duodenum)
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15
Q

Mouth chemical digestion

A

Digestive enzyme in saliva (amylase) that breaks down carbs into smaller sugars

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16
Q

Stomach chemical digestion

A

Enzyme in gastric juices (pepsin) breaks down prots into amino acids

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17
Q

Duodenum chemical digestion

A

Food chemically broken down by pancreas secreted enzymes (majority of chem digestion occurs here)

18
Q

Esophagus is

A

Long tube of smooth muscle from larynx to stomach that moves food from mouth to stomach

19
Q

Act of swallowing causes

A

Epiglottis to rise and block food entry to trachea

20
Q

Stomach

A

Primarily smooth muscle, contraction physically breaks food (mechanical) and pepsin chemically breaks down prots

21
Q

Gastric juice in stomach made of

A

Pepsin and acid

22
Q

Small intestine

A

Longest portion of gi, 3 subdivisions, chemical digestion in duodenum (using enzymes from pancreas)
after duodenum, main function is allow small nutrients to cross into bv (absorption) to transport to cells

23
Q

Liver main role in digestive system

A

Secrete bile into duodenum

24
Q

Bile’s main role

A

Help break globs of fat into smaller droplets so easier for pancreatic enzymes to chemically break down into fatty acids

25
Q

Gallbladder

A

Muscular sac storing excess bile, releases extra bile when eat food very fatty

26
Q

Fat is hydrophobic so tends to stick together, bile basically

A

Forces fat molecules apart

27
Q

Since small intestines function is absorption, mucosa structured to

A

Increase surface area (more contact with substances)

28
Q

How is small intestine surface area increased

A

Walls folded into villi, which have cells (columnar epithelium) with microvilli lining each villus

29
Q

Large intestine receives

A

Substances not absorbed by small (cannot be broken down/digested/absorbed, so excreted)

30
Q

Major roles of large intestine

A
  1. Absorbs as much water as it can from unabsorbed material
  2. Prepare this material for excretion
31
Q

Rectum (last segment of large intestine)

A

When material enter rectum, referred to as feces, where feces are stored until evacuation

32
Q

Composition of water of feces

A

75% (despite large water amount absorbed by large intestine)

33
Q

Other substances found in feces

A
  1. Bacteria (mostly from gut microbiota)
  2. Indigestible material (ex dietary fiber/cellulose)
  3. Fat (can be high after fat meals or lack of bile production)
  4. Cholesterol
34
Q

Urinary system primary functions

A
  1. Removal of waster products from blood
  2. Blood volume regulation and water balance
35
Q

Urinary syst secondary functions

A
  1. Storage of urine (bladder)
  2. Excretion of urine (via urethra)
36
Q

Urinary syst includes

A
  1. 2 kidneys (filter blood/create urine)
  2. 2 ureters (bring urine from kid to bladder)
  3. Urinary bladder (storage)
  4. Urethra (allows urine excretion)
37
Q

Urethra male vs female

A

Longer in male passes through penis, base surrounded by prostate

38
Q

What is a nephron

A

Microscopic tubes in kidneys

39
Q

Nephrons do what

A
  1. Each removes portion of waste from blood
  2. Getting rid of any excess water in body
  3. Fluid leaving a nephron is waste and water, called urine
40
Q

How does the urge to urinate occur

A

When walls of bladder stretch to a certain point, signal sent to cortex

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