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Bio > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a genome

A

All genetic material in a cell

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2
Q

What happens to chromatin when it tightly coils around many proteins

A

It forms a chromosome

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3
Q

What does diploid mean

A

Two complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

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4
Q

What is a karyotype

A

Person’s chromosomes arranged by and numbered by size

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in a somatic cell

A

23 (46 chromosomes)

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6
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

Time between when a cell forms and divides into 2 daughter cells

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7
Q

Stages in cell cycle

A

Interphase, mitotic phase

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8
Q

Phases of interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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9
Q

Which phase of interphase : begins as soon as daughter cell formed, active growth, synthesis of new organelles and reaches mature cell size

A

G1

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10
Q

Which interphase phase : dna replication, exact copy of each chromosome is made

A

S phase

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11
Q

What are sister chromatids

A

Copied chromosomes, attached to center by centromere

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12
Q

Number of chromatids during synthesis phase

A

92 (sister chromatids each with 46 chromosomes)

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13
Q

G2 phase :

A

2nd growth phase, prep for mitotic phase (centrosomes duplicate and spindle fibres form)

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14
Q

Mitosis stages

A
  1. Prophase (early and late)
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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15
Q

What happens during early prophase

A

Chromatin compacts into chromosomes, nucleus still intact, spindle fibers extend

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16
Q

What happens during late prophase

A

Nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosomes at opposite side of cell, some chromosomes attach to spindles

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17
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

Chromosomes align at cell midline (metaphase plate)

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18
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate, pulled to opposite ends of cell using microtubules as tracks, cell elongates, at the end the cell ends has complete set of chromosomes

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19
Q

How are sister chromatids pulled appart during anaphase

A

Proteins holding them broken down by enzyme

20
Q

What happens during telophase

A

Chromatine fibers start to loosen up/becomes less coiled, spindles disappear, nuclear membrane forms, nucleoli reappear, end of mitosis

21
Q

Cytokinesis (other stage of mitotic phase)

A

Cell pinches in half forming a cleavage furrow, results in twi daughters cells w same gene info, begins while still in telophase

22
Q

When dies mitosis occur

A

Reproduction, growth and development, tissue renewal

23
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide

A

Binary fission (circular chromosomes replicate and got to opp ends, plasma membrane pinches at center and divides)

24
Q

Which cell have the same genetic composition

A

Every somatic cell

25
Q

Every cell in the body has some genes that are turned

A

Either on or off

26
Q

Cells express different subsets of genes, only expressing those they require which makes each cell

A

Produce diff types of proteins

27
Q

Cell division length

A

Actively dividing cells (intestines/skin) : 12h-24h
Unicellular organisms : 90min

28
Q

G0 phase :

A

Pause between M and S phase in cell cycle

29
Q

Examples of cells in G0 phase (liver)

A

Liver cells remain in it for a year, doing metabolism and detoxification before reentering cell cycle

30
Q

Example of G0 phase cells

A

Those that form the lens of the eyes and nerve cells perpetually in G0 phase

31
Q

What are checkpoints in cell cycle

A

When regulatory proteins in cell checks at specific times to make sure everything is ok in cc

32
Q

If something is wrong in cell cycle during checkpoints

A

Doesn’t continue cycle until fixed, if error cannot be fixed -> apoptosis

33
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

34
Q

What happens if damaged cell doesn’t undergo apoptosis

A

Keeps dividing, leads to cancer

35
Q

What does cell differentiation mean

A

When a cell assumes its function in organism, takes in cell-specific characteristics

36
Q

For homeostasis to be maintained, regulatory systems must

A

Ensure that cells don’t divide uncontrollably and differentiate at appropriate time

37
Q

Cancer is when cells

A

Lose ability to respond to regulatory mechanisms (divide uncontrollably and indefinitely)

38
Q

How can mutations occur

A

Copying errors in dna replication or induced by exposure to external elements

39
Q

Most affected genes by cancer

A

Control cell cycle and code for proteins involved in cell division
(Those that regulate cell growth and division during cc)

40
Q

What are mutagens

A

Agent that induces permanent dna change

41
Q

Mutagens example

A

Radiation (x rays, uv)
Chemical (pollutants, metals, tobacco)
Biological (viruses and bacteria)

42
Q

What are the twi different cancer stages

A

Bening and malignant

43
Q

Bening tumors

A

Mass of cells that don’t invade neighbouring tissues (if large enough can impair function of organ, generally encapsulated)

44
Q

Malignant cancer

A

Mass of cells that invade neighbouring tissues and creates metastasis

45
Q

What is metastasis

A

Release of cancerous cells into bloodstream or lymph where they can travel and invade other tissues

Bio (21 decks)

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