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Bio > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are tissues

A

Groups of cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

4 primary tissue types

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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3
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

Sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

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4
Q

Two forms of epithelial tissue occur in body :

A
  1. Covering and lining epithilium
  2. Glandular epithelium
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5
Q

Covering and lining epithelium

A

Forms outer layer of skin, lines open cavities of urogenital/digestive/respiratory syst, covers walls and organs of closed ventral body cavity

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6
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Found in glands of body

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7
Q

Epithelial tissues functions

A
  1. Protection
  2. Secretion
  3. Absorption
  4. Gas exchange
  5. Filtration
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8
Q

First epithelial distinguishing characteristic (cells)

A

Cells that make is are closely packed with very little intracellular space

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9
Q

2 epithelial dis char (surface)

A

Free (apical) surface exposed to enviro or internal chamber or passageway

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10
Q

3 epithelial dis char (blood vessels)

A

Absence of blood vessels.Bc of avascular condition, nourished by substances diffusing from bv in underlying connective tissue

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11
Q

4 epithelial dis char (connective tissue)

A

Always overlies connective tissue whose rich blood supply nourishes epithelial cells

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12
Q

5 epithelial dis char (replacement)

A

Continual replacement/regeneration of epithelial cells (damage or lost at exposed surface)

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13
Q

Some (not all) epithelial cells can

A

Secrete chemical products (may be organized as multicellular glandular structures)

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14
Q

Epithelia classified based on

A

Nb of cell layer and cell shape

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15
Q

Epithelial tissue nb of cell layers classification

A

Simple (one layer)
Stratified (multiple layers)

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16
Q

Epithelial tissue cell shape classification

A

Squamous (flat looking)
Cuboidal (cube-like)
Columnar (column like)

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17
Q

Connective tissues

A

Found everywhere in the body to connect body parts
includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues

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18
Q

6 types of connective tissues

A
  1. Areolar
  2. Adipose
  3. Tendon/Ligament
  4. Bone
  5. Cartilage
  6. Blood
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19
Q

Three branches of connective tissues

A

Proper, supportive, fluid

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20
Q

Two types of proper connective tissues

A

Loose (areolar and adipose), dense (tendon and ligament)

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21
Q

Two supportive connective tissues

A

Bone and cartilage

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22
Q

Fluid connective tissue

A

Blood

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23
Q

Structure of areolar tissue

A

Open spaces (areola), fibres loosely arranged ->space between them

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24
Q

Location of areolar tissue

A

Most widely distributed
1. Between skin and muscles
2. Around blood vessels and nerves
3. Fills space inside organs
4. Underlies epithelia in tissue membrane

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25
Q

Main functions of areolar tissue

A

Acts as universal packing tissue and “glue” to hold organs in place
1. Supports internal organs by supporting and packing tissue
2. Binds various structures with one another -> no dislocation
3. Provides protective framework -> keeps major structures in place

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26
Q

Adipose tissue functions

A
  1. Insulates body
  2. Protects some organs
  3. Site if fuel storage (fat storage)
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27
Q

Adipose tissue location

A
  1. Subcut tissue beneath skin
  2. Around internal organs (protects organs like kidneys)
  3. Fat “depots” include hips, buttocks, breasts, belly
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28
Q

Tendons/ligaments tissue

A

Made of collagen, play key role in body mvmt and stability

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29
Q

Tendons

A

Connects muscles to bone or other structures (eyeballs) to allow mvmt, they transmit force generated by muscle contractions

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30
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone, usually to hold structures together, keep them stable. Limit excessive mvmt in joints

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31
Q

Bone tissue /osseous tissue is

A

Skeleton

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32
Q

Bone tissue main function

A

Protect and support

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33
Q

Bone tissue composed of

A

Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)
Hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers

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34
Q

Hyaline cartilage characteristic

A

Less hard and more flexible than bone
Most widespread type of cartilage os hyaline cartilage

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35
Q

Hyaline cartilage locations

A

Nose, trachea,
attaches ribs to breastbone,
covers ends of long bones
Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

36
Q

Blood tissue

A

Contains specialized cells (RBC, WBC)
Cells are in fluid prot matrix called plasma

37
Q

Blood tissue functions

A

Transport vehicle for cardiovascular system, carries nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, hormones

38
Q

Characteristics of muscle tissues

A

-Specialized for contraction
- contracts or shortens to produce mvmt
- able to respond to stimuli

39
Q

Three types of muscle tissues

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
40
Q

Which muscle tissue is voluntarily controlled

A

Skeletal

41
Q

Skeletal tissue found in/ produces

A

Skeletal muscles attached to bone/body mvmt or facial expressions

42
Q

Skeletal muscle cells

A

Striations (stripes)
Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)

43
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Involuntarily controlled, found only in heart, pumps blood through cardiac muscle cells

44
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

Striations, one nucleus per cell, short branching cells , intercalated discs connects cells together

45
Q

Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

A

Involuntarily controlled
Peristalsis (wave like motion) is typical activity

46
Q

Smooth muscle tissue location

A

Walls of hollow organs such as stomach, uterus, blood vessels

47
Q

Smooth muscle tissue cells

A

No visible striations, one nucleus per cell, spindle-shaped cell

48
Q

Characteristics of nervous tissues

A
  • specialized for propagation of electrical impulses from one region to another
  • 98% nervous tissue is in brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
  • two basic cell types
49
Q

Two basic nervous tissue cell types

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
50
Q

Neurons functionality

A
  1. Receive stimuli,
  2. convert them into nerve impulses,
  3. transmit impulses rapidly to various parts if body
51
Q

Neuroglia functionality

A

Do not conduct impulses, help protect nervous tissues and form insulating layer around nerve fibres to help conduct electrical signals faster

52
Q

The word membrane has

A

More than one meaning in biology

53
Q

Types of membranes in biology

A

Plasma/cell membranes
Tissues membrane

54
Q

Tissue membranes are

A

Layers of connective/epithelial tissues that cover outside of body, organs, internal passageways (lead to exterior), lining of moveable joint cavities

55
Q

4 types of body membranes

A
  1. Cutaneous
  2. Mucous
  3. Serous
  4. Synovial
56
Q

Cutaneous membranes refer to

A

Skin

57
Q

What is cutaneous membrane made of

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)

58
Q

Cutaneous membrane characteristic

A

Dry membrane exposed to air

59
Q

Five major functions of integumentary system

A
  1. Protection
  2. Temperature maintenance
  3. Synthesis and storage of nutrients
  4. Sensory receptors
  5. Excretion and secretion
60
Q

Integ sys protection:

A

Protects underlying tissues and organs from impacts/chemicals/infection, prevents loss of body fluids

61
Q

Integ syst temperature maintenance

A

Skin maintains normal body temperature by regulating heat exchange with enviro

62
Q

Integ syst synthesis and nutrients storage

A

Epidermis synthesizes vit D3 and stores lipids in adipose tissues

63
Q

Integ syst sensory reception

A

Receptors detect touch, pressure, pain, temperature stimuli and relay that info to nervous syst

64
Q

Integ syst excretion and secretion

A

Glands excrete salt water and organic wastes. Specialized glands of breasts secrete milk

65
Q

Dermis composition

A

Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue and accessory structures (hair, nails, sweat glands)

66
Q

Serous membranes (serosae) location

A

Line compartments in ventral body cavity that are closed to exterior and have two layers: visceral and parietal

67
Q

Visceral layer (serous membrane)

A

Covers organs

68
Q

Parietal layer (serous membrane)

A

Lines body cavity walls, creates fluid that lubricate/cushion cavities to protect organs/prevent friction during mvmt

69
Q

Specific serous membranes

A
  1. Peritoneum
  2. Pleurae
  3. Pericardia
70
Q

Peritoneum membrane

A

Covers organs in abdominal cavity

71
Q

Pleurae membrane

A

Surrounds lungs

72
Q

Pericardia membrane

A

Surrounds heart

73
Q

Mucous membrane functions

A
  1. Absorption/secretion
  2. Secretion -> mucus -> thick protective fluid
  3. Prevents pathogens/contaminants from entering
  4. Prevents bodily tissue from dehydration
74
Q

Synovial membranes

A

Layer of connective tissue that lines cavities of joints and tendons. Makes synovial fluid -> has lubricating function

75
Q

Mucous membrane

A

-moist membrane
-some secrete protective lubricating mucous
-line all body cavities that open to exterior body surface

76
Q

Sinple squamous function

A

When thin barrier required, for diffusion to occur better

77
Q

Simple squamous location

A

Air sacs of lungs (gas exchange between air and blood), capillaries (nutrients and waste exchange between tissues and blood)

78
Q

Stratified squamous function

A

Protect from abrasion, continuously shed/replaced from cells dividing and moving from underlying layer

79
Q

Stratified squamous location

A

Outer layer of skin, moist lining of mouth, esophagus, vagina

80
Q

Simple columnar function

A

Areas that secrete mucus and absorb substances (mucus is protective lubricating layer)

81
Q

Simple columnar location

A

Lines gastrointestinal tract (stomach to anus), ciliated one lines uterine tubes (helps propel egg towards uterus)

82
Q

Pseudostratified columnar function

A

Protection, secretion and mvmt of mucus if ciliated

83
Q

Pseudostratified columnar location

A

Ciliated: lines most upper respiratory tract ex nasal cavity/trachea

84
Q

Simple cuboidal function

A

Absorbe, filtration, secretion

85
Q

Simple cuboidal location

A

glands/kidney tubules

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