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Bio > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes are prt of which domains

A

BACTERIA and archaea

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2
Q

What are the most abundant organisms on earth

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Where can we find prokaryotes

A

Air
Soil
Water
On plants
On/in animals
Polar ice caps
Deep sea hydrothermal vents

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4
Q

General prokaryotes structure

A
  1. Unicellular, small
  2. No nucleus
  3. One circular chromosome as genome
  4. Cell wall (most)
  5. Diff ribosome structure
  6. Asexual reproduction
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5
Q

Similarities of prokaryotes with eukaryotes

A

Both have dna
Both membrane bound
Both have ribosomes

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6
Q

E or P? Has nucleus

A

Eukaryote

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7
Q

E or P which is larger on average

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

E or P have membrane bound organelles

A

Eukaryote

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9
Q

E or P, circular structure of DNA and have less (other is linear)

A

Prokaryotic

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10
Q

E or P have cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

A

Prokaryotic

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11
Q

E or P divides by binary fission (other is mitosis)

A

Projaryotic

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12
Q

Three main shapes of bacteria

A

Sphere = cocci
Rods = bacilli
Spirals

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13
Q

Most prokaryotes are unicellular but some form

A

Colonies

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14
Q

Types of coccus arrangements

A

Coccus = single
Diplococci = 2 together
Streptococci = chains
Clusters = staphlococci

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15
Q

Types of bacillus arrangement

A

Bacillus = single rod
Diplobacilli = 2 together
Streptobacil = chains

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16
Q

Spirochetes (spirals)

A

Motile, have a unique axial filament that rotates

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17
Q

Some spirochetes are human parasites, some are

A

Pathogens

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18
Q

Most prokaryotic are how much diameter

A

1-10 um

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19
Q

All prokayotic cells contain

A
  1. Dna free in nucleoid region
  2. Cell membrane, cytoplasm, robosomes
  3. Cell wall
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20
Q

Many prokaryotic cells may also have

A
  1. Outer capsules made of polysaccharides or protein
  2. Flagella/pilli
  3. Plasmids
21
Q

Plasmids

A

Small circular molecules of dna that carry a small number of genes

22
Q

Capsules functions

A
  1. Protects cell from drying
  2. Helps cell stick or attach to things (bc adhesive nature)
  3. Protects cell from WBC destruction
23
Q

What is a colony

A

Visible mass of microorganismes all originating from a single cell, constitues a clone of bacteria all genetically alike

24
Q

Colonies can be used to identify bacterias bc

A

Diff soecies can produce diff colonies

25
Q

In binary fission, cell grows while

A

Dna replicates (for daughter to receive exact copy of dna)

26
Q

Some species could double every minute if there was optimal growth conditions but

A

Doesn’t occur

27
Q

Genetic variation in prokaryotes result of their

A

Rapid reproduction and mutation (rare)

28
Q

Mutations(rare) can still wuickly increase gen diversity in species with

A

Short generation times and large populations

29
Q

Does meiosis occur in bacteria

A

No

30
Q

Bacteria can do what gene transfer

A

Horizontal gene transfer

31
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

Mvmt of one or more genes from one species to another

32
Q

Three types of horizontal gene transfer

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Conjugation
  3. Transduction
33
Q

Hor gen transf: transformation

A

Can pick up pieces of dna from surroundings

34
Q

Hor gen transf: conjugation

A

Transfere gen material between two bacterial cells(temporarily joined) via sex pillus

35
Q

Hor gen transf: transduction

A

From a virus

36
Q

Role of fimbriae

A

Adhere to one another/host cells/substances in eviro
Surface attachment

37
Q

Function of flagellum

A

Propels the cell
Organ of locomotion

38
Q

Function of pili

A
  • motility
  • dna transfer (sexual pili in conjugation)
39
Q

What is an endospore

A

Dormant though non-reproductive structure

40
Q

Function of endospore

A

Ensure survival of bacterium through periods of environmental stress:
-when enviro unfavourable, forms
-survive very dry/hot/Frozen enviro
-hydrate and revive when water available

41
Q

Three important roles if bacteria

A
  1. Decomposers
  2. Pathogens
  3. Mutualistic symbionts
42
Q

Decomposers role

A

Decomposition or organic materials and recycling of nutrients

43
Q

Pathogens role

A

Cause diseases (syphilis, plague, lyme disease…), prokaryotes are the most common animal pathogens, antibiotics exist to kill them

44
Q

Mutualistic symbionts (herbivores)

A

Have enzymes to break down what animals don’t (ex plants which contain cellulose)

45
Q

Mutualistic symbionts in humans

A

Microbiota/microbiome

46
Q

What contributes to homeostasis and regulating immune function in human host

A

Microbial communities

47
Q

Gut microbiota(most significant microbiota) function

A

Aid in digestion, protection against pathogens, simulating immune response, vitamin production

48
Q

Where can we find microbiota

A

Gut, oral, vagina, skim, respiratory

49
Q

Human well-being can depend on

A

Mutualistic prokaryotes

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