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Lecture 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a virus

A

An infectious agent (toxin or poison)

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2
Q

Can a virus grow or reproduce itself?

A

No

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3
Q

What is the only characteristic of life that viruses have/can do

A

Evolution

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4
Q

How do viruses make more viruses

A

They use the host replication system

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5
Q

What do viral particles include

A

Genetic material (either rna or dna)
Capsid (protein coat, protects from enviro and immune syst)
Attachement proteins (allows virus to bind and enter host cells)

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6
Q

Three functions of capsid

A

Protects, attach to host cell, penetrates host cell membrane (to possibly inject its nucleic acid)

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7
Q

What do viruses attach to through attachment proteins

A

A specific receptor site on host cell membrane

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8
Q

Attachement of viruses to membrane determines what

A

The host and its cells that can be infected by a particular virus

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9
Q

Metaphor for virus attachment

A

Lock and key (only one fits specific one)

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10
Q

For a virus to infect the host cell, outer surface of virus must

A

chemically interact with receptor sites on surface of host cell

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11
Q

Viruses are host specific meaning

A

Binding proteins on virus bunds to specific receptors on specific cells in specific host species.

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12
Q

Once inside the cell, the viral nucleic acid can

A

Take over the cell and direct it

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13
Q

Once virus binds to receptor it either

A

Enters cell or injects its nucleic acid

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14
Q

In cell, protein coat released and viral nucleic acid will replicate by

A

Using machinery of cell

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15
Q

What are some of the smallest infectious agents known

A

Viruses

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16
Q

New copies of original virus are made by

A

Viral genes that take command of host metabolic pathways

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17
Q

When enough copies of viral nucleic acid and coat made,

A

Virus is assembled and released

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18
Q

When virus released,

A

Kills host cell and infects other cell

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19
Q

Examples of viral diseases

A

Cold, influenza, chicken pox, aids, hepatitis b

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20
Q

Most viral infections get resolved how

A

Without antiviral medications

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21
Q

Antivirals are prescribed tk treat

A

Chronic of life threatening viruses
(Ebola, flu, herpes…)

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22
Q

How antiviral medication works

A
  1. Prevents virus from attaching/entering healthy cell
  2. Prevents viral nuc acid from being copied
  3. Prevents viral proteins from being produced
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23
Q

Mechanism of action (moa) fusion inhibitors

A

Interfere with binding or entry of virus

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24
Q

Moa Genetic copying prevention

A

Prevents host cell from making viral nuc acid

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25
Q

Moa Viral prot production

A

Inhibits formation of viral proteins-> vital for reproduction of virus

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26
Q

Moa Viral release inhibitor

A

Keeps virus from leaving cell

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27
Q

First vaccine story

A

Material from cowpox virus injected in 8yo boy -> protection provided to save people from outbreaks

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28
Q

Vaccines work how

A

They train our immune system to detect and attack pathogens

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29
Q

When new pathogen enters body, it introduces what

A

Antigen, causes immun syst to form antibodies

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30
Q

What are antibodies

A

Body’s took for identifying and targeting invader

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31
Q

For every new pathogens/antigens, body needs to

A

Build specific antibodies

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32
Q

Person is susceptible to illness when

A

Immune syst needs time to respond/produce new antibodies to fight back

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33
Q

A vaccine is a substance that is designed to

A

Mimic a pathogen and its antigens

34
Q

Immune syst triggers what when foreign microbes invade

A

Series of response in attempt to identify/remove from body

35
Q

Signs that immune response is working

A

Coughing, sneezing, inflammation, fever…

36
Q

Sings of sickness (cough, fever…) work to

A

Trap, deter and rid body of threats like bacteria

37
Q

Immune responses trigger second line of defense called

A

Adaptive immunity

38
Q

In adaptive immunity, what cells are recruited

A

B cells and T cells

39
Q

B cells

A

Create antibodies

40
Q

T cells

A

Detect and destroy pathogens

41
Q

Adaptive immunity produces kong lived memory cells which results in

A

Immunity

42
Q

What do memory cells do

A

Lie in wait ready to use right antibodies and killer T cells if pathogen is seen again

43
Q

Vaccines trigger what

A

Body’s adaptive immune system

44
Q

Vaccine isn’t infectious itself but has the job of

A

Teaching body to build specific antibody

45
Q

Types of vaccines

A
  1. Inactive
  2. Live attenuated
  3. Subunit or recombinant
  4. DNA/mRNA
46
Q

Inactive vaccine contain

A

Killed pathogen

47
Q

Inactive vaccine mechanism

A

Take live pathogen, kill it, when introduced to human, inactivated pathogen is strong enough to create immune response but not cause disease

48
Q

Inactive vaccine might need

A

Multiple doses

49
Q

Live attenuated vaccines contain

A

Much weaker and tamer version of pathogen

50
Q

How do pathogens in live attenuated vaccines work

A

Not strong enough to cause disease but can trigger strong immune response

51
Q

Bc strong immune response in live attenuated vaccines (leaves behind memory cells),

A

Can provide lifetime protection after 1-2 doses

52
Q

Downside of live attenuated vaccines

A

Weaker immune systems can’t have them and inactive vaccines dont create ling lasting protection

53
Q

What does subunit/recombinant vaccine contain

A

Only part of the pathogen

54
Q

Subunit/rec vaccines are good bc

A

Not infectious (lack genetic info to replicate) so safe for weak immune systems

55
Q

Subunit/rec vaccines require

A

Multiple shots

56
Q

Parts of virus used in subunit/rec vaccines

A

Proteins, polysaccharide chains or mix of the two

57
Q

Rna/dna vaccines contain

A

Genes that make antigens needed to trigger immune response

58
Q

In rna/dna vaccines, cells have machinery to take genetic material and

A

Use it to make antigens (pathogen proteins) which are displayed on outside of cell

59
Q

When antigens displayed outside of cell in rna/dna vaccines, immune cells do what

A

See the pathogen proteins and reacts as if infected

60
Q

Why dna/rna vaccin not dangerous

A

Bc only genetic material, no other ingredients that could develop into disease and harm

61
Q

Scientists designed mrna molecules that

A

Use protein making machinery to train body to fight virus

62
Q

For covid-19 vaccine, mrna molecule

A

Mimics one part of spike protein (cant give you virus)

63
Q

Covid: spike mrna gets inside cell and is treated

A

Like any other mrna message in cells -> prot building machinery reads it and builds part of spike encoded by mrna vaccine

64
Q

Covid: after builds spike protein from mrna vaccine, the spike prot is

A

Recognized by immune syst and makes antibodies. Spike mrna i eventually unstable and destroyed

65
Q

Covid: over time, immune syst becomes less alert to spike prot if not infected, so

A

Another dose boosts alertness, longer lasting immune cells build memory of spike prot and recognize it faster and more efficiently

66
Q

After multiple doses of mrna vaccine for covid, if gets infected,

A

quickly recognized and triggers large immune response by immune cells to prevent severe illness and successfully fight off infection

67
Q

When virus replicates, undergoes copying errors which are

A

Mutations

68
Q

Virus mutations alter virus surface proteins (antigens) so

A

Hard for immune syst to recognize

69
Q

When virus mutates, how to fight it off

A

New vaccines (ex flu every year)

70
Q

Herd immunity is when

A

Large percentage of population is immune to disease

71
Q

How does herd immunity work

A

Disrupts chain of infection

72
Q

How does herd immunity disrupt chain of infection

A

If virus tries to infect immune person, it dies -> chain is broken bc hard to reach vulnerable ones if keeps dying

73
Q

If vaccination rates drops,

A

Risk that viruses reappear

74
Q

Viruses can eradicate completely if

A

Herd immunity is maintained long enough

75
Q

Example of eradicated virus

A

Smallpox

76
Q

Who can’t get vaccines

A

Serious underlying health conditions that weaken immune syst (cancer, hiv)

77
Q

Herd immunity protects those who

A

Can’t vaccinate

78
Q

Flu virus characteristics

A

1, respiratory disease
2. Highly contagious
3. Can spread 1 day prior to symptoms/seven days after symptoms appear
4. Spread via cough/sneeze

79
Q

Why flu season in winter 1

A

Bc indoors, more close contact which promotes transmission

80
Q

Why flu season in winter 2

A

Influenza virus survives better in cold/drier (moisture from droplets evaporates more in dry air, so whisked away in air currents and floats around for days until gets breathed in)

81
Q

Epidemic

A

-Outbreak affecting many people in population and spreads rapidly
-considered epidemic if certain nb of people within short time period (~2 weeks)

82
Q

Pandemic

A

-larger epidemic, covers several countries/continents
-nb people doesn’t matter more than rate of spread and how far it spread

Bio (26 decks)

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