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Bio > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

To produce ATP, you need

A

Oxygen

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2
Q

Oxygen accounts for how much of the air that surrounds us?

A

~21% (1/5th)

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3
Q

How much air in a normal breath

A

500ml

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4
Q

When we inhale, oxygen gets into lungs, some o2 molecules in that air diffuse into blood passing through lungs, once in the blood, oxygen molecules do what

A

Enter RBC and bind to hemoglobin proteins (blood leaving lungs is now oxygenated)

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5
Q

Oxygenated blood from lungs returns where

A

To heart to be pumped out to rest of body

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6
Q

The process of cellular respiration produce what

A

Significant amount of carbon dioxyde as a waste product

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7
Q

Our cells constantly produce this bc of cellular respiration

A

CO2

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8
Q

The co2 produced by cell enters nearby blood vessel, transported back to heart,

A

Pumped out to lungs, diffuses out of blood and exhaled into atmosphere

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9
Q

Why is it important to get rid of co2

A

Bc reacts with water to create carbonic acid-> too much decreases pH and put in state of acidosis (potentially lead to death)

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10
Q

Respiratory syst main functions

A
  1. Provide oxygen to blood for transport in body
  2. Removes co2 from blood
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11
Q

Secondary respiratory syst functions

A
  1. Olfaction (olfactory receptors for smell)
  2. Speech (verbal communication)
  3. Helps control pH balance (breathing air)
  4. Excretion of some moisture/heat (water/temp regulation)
  5. Filters, warms and moistens air
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12
Q

Upper respiratory tract (nose) consists of

A

External visible and internal portion inside skull

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13
Q

Nose external portion lined with

A

Epithelium and hairs

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14
Q

Internal portion of nose contains

A

Tissues lined with mucous membrane containing ciliated epithelium

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15
Q

Role of internal portion tissue of nose

A
  1. Filters air
  2. Warming air
  3. Moistens air
  4. Detects smell
  5. Modify speech sounds
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16
Q

Air enters nostrils, dust trapped by hair, air flows over areas lined with highly folded/vascukarized muc membranes, blood in vessels warms air, mucus aids in moistening air/trapping dust, and cilia…

A

Moves dust and mucus DOWN to pharynx to be swallowed

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17
Q

How does nose detect smell

A

Olfactory receptors in nose connects to nervous system

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18
Q

Pharynx

A
  1. Passageway for food and air
  2. Resonating chamber for sounds
  3. Houses tonsils (lymphatic tissue for immune response)
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19
Q

Pharynx 3 subdivisions

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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20
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Upper part of pharynx lined with cilia that moves dust and mucus to mouth

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21
Q

Oropharynx

A

Middle part of pharynx, opens into mouth on one end, contains 2 pairs of tonsils

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22
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Lowest part of pharynx, connects to esophagus and larynx

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23
Q

Larynx is a short tube of

A

Cartilage lined by mucous membrane and connects laryngopharynx eith trachea

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24
Q

Voice production mechanism (by larynx)

A

Vocal cords in larynx vibrate due to air from lungs blowing past, vibration creates sound

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25
Q

Ventral wall of larynx consists of

A

Thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple bc bigger in male bc of testosterone at puberty)

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26
Q

Dorsal from thryroid cartilage in larynx is

A

Epiglottis (cartilage covered in epithelium), prevents food from entering larynx from laryngopharynx

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27
Q

Food and liquid only go in esophagus or else

A

Chocking occurs (cough reflex)

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28
Q

Swallowing mechanism

A

Laryngopharynx and larynx rise -> elevation causes epiglottis to close over it

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29
Q

Trachea extends from

A

Larynx to primary bronchi

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30
Q

Function of trachae

A

Transport air to left and right bronchi

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31
Q

Trachea made of

A

Walls lined with ciliated epithilium and mucous-secreting cells, supported by cartilage

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32
Q

Tracheal cilia moves dust in what direction

A

UP toward pharynx

33
Q

16-20 C shaped rings of cartilage in trachea open dorsally facing esophagus for it to

A

Expand during swallowing

34
Q

How do trachea 16-20 rings remain open without collapsing

A

Cartilage provides rigidity necessary

35
Q

What lines nasal cavity/superior portion of pharynx/trachea/bronchi/large bronchioles

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithilum

36
Q

Cilia of epithelium in trachea does what

A

Sweep debris away from lungs and back in throat to be swallowed

37
Q

R and L (primary) bronchi composition

A

Surrounded by cartilage rings and made of ciliated epithelium

38
Q

Primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi (one for each lobe) describe the lobes

A

Right lung has 3 lobes -> 3 sec bronchi
Left lung has 2 lobes -> 2 sec bronchi

39
Q

Lobar bronchi divide into

A

Tertiary bronchi, then bronchioles, then terminal bronchioles

40
Q

As bronchi get smaller, cartilage rings become plates and smooth muscle nb in tube increases. Eventually,

A

Bronchi subdivide in very small bronchioles -> lack cartilage. Those subdivide and terminate on alveolar sacs (consist of many alveoli)

41
Q

Alveolus is

A

Functional unit of lung where gas exchange is performed between air and blood

42
Q

Air from terminal bronchiole subdivides into

A

A few respiratory bronchioles

43
Q

Each respiratory bronchioles bring air to

A

Alveolar sac via alveolar ducts (consists of several alveoli)

44
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by its own____ which allows ____

A

Capillary bed, gas exchange across thin alveolar walls

45
Q

The walls of alveolus is

A

Extremely thin to enable gas exchange

46
Q

O2 and co2 cross plasma membrane(cells) of alveolar walls and cells of capillaries by

A

Simple diffusion

47
Q

Each alveolus consists of

A
  1. Pneumocytes type I
  2. Pneumocytes type II
  3. Alveolar macrophages
  4. Extensive network of pulmonary capillaries
48
Q

Pneumocytes type I/alveolar cells

A

For gas exchange, thin squamous epithelial cells, line alveolar wall

49
Q

Pneumocytes type II/surfactant-secreting cells

A

Secrete surfactant (alveolar fluid) -> contains phospholipids and prots. Coats thin layer of water that lines inside of alveoli.

50
Q

Water is absolutely necessary for gas exchange bc

A

Gases must dissolve in fluid before diffuse across membrane

51
Q

Surfactant prevents what by reducing formation of H-bonds between h2o molecules

A

Alveolar collapse and lowers energy needed to inflate lungs during respiration

52
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

From immune system, phagocytes moving around inside alveoli to remove dust and debris from them

53
Q

Around each alveolus is

A

And extensive network of pulmonary capillaries

54
Q

What is surfactant

A

Mixture of proteins and phospholipids that type II alveolar cells form

55
Q

Functions of surfactant

A
  1. Reding surface tension
  2. Keeping alveoli open
  3. Modulating immune response
56
Q

Surfactant reduces surface tension

A

Prevents alveolar collapse at end of exhalation

57
Q

Surfactant keeps alveoli open

A

Keeps alveoli dry, clean, open

58
Q

Surfactant modulates immune response

A

Interacts and kills pathogens/prevents their spread

59
Q

Respiratory membrane size

A

Very thin, 0,5 um thick, ~1/16 diameter of RBC for rapid diffusion of gases

60
Q

Respiratory membrane kocation

A

From alveolar space to blood plasma

61
Q

4 layers of respiratory membrane

A
  1. Type I alveolar cells (type II and associated macrophages) -> alveolar wall
  2. Epithelial basement membrane (underlies alveolar wall)
  3. Capillary basement membrane (often fused to epithelial basement)
  4. Capillary endothelium
62
Q

A basement membrane is a

A

Layer of connective tissue

63
Q

Right lung has a greater

A

Volume than left lung (10% bigger)

64
Q

Left lung has indentation called

A

Cardiac notch, on medial surface for apex of heart

65
Q

Lobes if lungs are separated by

A

Fissures

66
Q

Oblique fissures in left lung

A

Divides it into superior and inferior lobes

67
Q

Oblique and horizontal fissures divide right lung into

A

Superior, middle and inferior lobes

68
Q

Each lung is surrounded by

A

Double-layered pleural membranes

69
Q

Outer layer of pleural membrane

A

Parietal pleural: lines ribcage,attach to wall of thoracic cavity and diaphragm to cover diaphragm upper surface

70
Q

Inner layer of pleural membranes

A

Visceral pleura: attached to/covers lungs

71
Q

In between double-layered pleural membranes

A

Pleural cavity (contains fluid secreted by membranes)

72
Q

Function of fluid in pleural cavity

A

Reduce friction between membranes during breathing

73
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

Breathing disorder in premature newborns where alveoli doesn’t remain open bc lack of surfactant

74
Q

RDS surface tension of alveolar fluid greatly increased so

A

Many alveoli collapse at end of exhalation. Great effort is needed at next inhalation to reopen it

75
Q

The more premature newborn, the more risk of

A

RDS

76
Q

Symptoms of RDS

A

Laboured and irregular breathing, nostrils flaring while inhaling, grunting while exhaling, blue skin color

77
Q

In mild RDS, supplemental o2 administered through

A

Oxygen hood or tube in nose

78
Q

In severe RDS, O2 administered in

A

Continuous positive airway pressure through tubes in nostrils or face mask, surfactant administered directly to lungs

Bio (21 decks)

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