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Bio > Lecture 19 > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is called the ability to maintain respiratory rhythm to suit body’s needs

A

Regulation of respiration

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2
Q

Two types if respiratory regulations

A
  1. Neural regulation
  2. Chemical regulation
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3
Q

Components of neural regulation

A
  • respiratory center
  • cortex
  • hypothalamus
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4
Q

Components of chemical regulation

A
  • central chemoreceptors
  • peripheral chemoreceptors
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5
Q

The respiratory center (RC) is and does what

A

Is groups of neurons in hind part of brain and regulates rate and depth of breathing

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6
Q

RC is located in two regions of brain:

A
  1. Medulla
  2. Pons
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7
Q

Medulla (expiratory and inspiratory center) function

A

Can regulate both expiration and inspiration depending on the neurons activated

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8
Q

Pons areas function

A
  • can decrease duration of inspiration which will alter respiratory rate
  • can send signals for deep long breaths
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9
Q

Why can we voluntarily alter our pattern of breathing

A

Bc cerebral cortex has connections with respiratory center

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10
Q

Why is voluntarily breathing control protective

A

We can prevent breathing water or gas

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11
Q

The basic rhythm of respiration can be modified by

A

Inputs from other brain regions, receptors in peripheral nervous system and other factors

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12
Q

What can the involuntary breathing system override

A

The voluntary one (can’t kill yourself by holding breath)

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13
Q

When holding breath and fainting, what happens when consciousness is lost

A

Breathing restarts

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14
Q

Breathing automatically resumes if what increases to a certain level (and stimulate inspiratory area which sends impulses to phrenic and intercostal nerves)

A

[Pco2 and H+]

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15
Q

Where are located central chemoreceptors

A

Medulla

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16
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in what

A

H+, pco2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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17
Q

When co2 from plasma enters CSF, why does ph decrease

A

Bc it forms HCO3 and H+

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18
Q

Central chemoreceptors respond to decrease in pH by

A

Stimulating respiratory center to increase inspiratory rate

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19
Q

Inc in co2 -> inc in H+, so

A

Dec in ph and inc in breathing rate

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20
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors

A

In aortic bodies (in walls of aortic arch) and carotid bodies ( walls of carotid arteries)

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21
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors do

A

Monitor chemistry of blood and are sensitive to changes in po2, pco2, h+ in blood

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22
Q

What causes peripheral nervous system’s chemoreceptors to stimulate respiration center

A

Dec in ph, dec in o2, inc in co2

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23
Q

Dec in ph, dec in o2, inc in co2 =

A

Inc in breathing rate

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24
Q

Any rise in co2 results in rise of

A

Ph (bc forms carbonic acid which dissociates into h+ ions)

25
Q

Name the sensory chemoreceptors receptors

A

-Central chemoreceptors (in medulla)
^Responds to changes in csf
-Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic body and carotid body)
^Responds to changes in blood

26
Q

What is an important secondary function of respiratory system

A

Regulate blood ph (by getting rid of co2

27
Q

What is hypercarbia/hypercabnia

A

High levels of co2 in blood (only slight increase necessary)

28
Q

Inspiratory center is more sensitive to rise in pco2 or fall in po2

A

Pco2 above normal

29
Q

What feedback system do chemoreceptors participate in

A

Negative

30
Q

Negative feedback loop by chemoreceptors how

A

Change in pco2/po2/ph -> Inspiratory area highly active -> breathing increases -> more o2 inhaled and co2 exhaled

31
Q

Proprioceptors function

A

Monitor mvmt of joints/muscles as soon as exercise-> stimulate inspiratory area of medulla -> breathing inc

32
Q

What are stretch-sensitive receptors in terminal bronchioles and atria called

A

Baroreceptors or stretch receptors

33
Q

When do baroreceptors activate

A

When max air gets filled in alveoli

34
Q

How do baroreceptors work

A

1.Get activated
2. It activates inflation reflex
3. Send inhibitory signal to insp center through vagus nerve
4. Nerve switches off ins and exp begins

35
Q

Inflation reflex is protective mechanism how

A

Prevents excessive inflammation of lungs

36
Q

Irritating stimuli on nasal cavity/larynx/bronchioles can initiate

A

Protective reflexes (cough/sneezing)

37
Q

Things involved in regulation of respiratory system

A
  1. Cortex (brain)
  2. Respiratory center (brain stem)
  3. Central chemoreceptors
  4. Peripheral chemoreceptors
  5. Proprioceptors
  6. Inflation reflex/baroreceptors
  7. Irritating stimuli
38
Q

How limbic system stimulation (hypothalamus) influence respiration

A

Anxiety or excitement can stimulate hypothalamus, sends excitatory input to insp area -> inc ventilation

39
Q

How Temp influence breathing

A

Inc in temp (fever/exercise) inc rate. Dec in temp dec rate

40
Q

How pain influence breathing

A

Sudden severe pain = brief apnea
Prolonged somatic pain = inc
Visceral pain = may slow rate of

41
Q

Stretching anal sphincter muscle influence breathing how

A

Inc breathing rate, sometimes used to stimulate resp in newborns or person who stopped breathing

42
Q

How irritating airways affect breathing

A

Physical/chemical irritation of pharynx/larynx brings immediate cessation followed by cough/sneeze

43
Q

What is hypoxia

A

O2 deficiency at tissue level

44
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia

A

Low po2 in arterial blood
Cause : high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs

45
Q

Anemic hypoxia

A

Little hb functioning -> little o2 transport to cells
Causes: hemorrage, anemia, CO poisoning

46
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

Reduced blood flow to tissue (less o2 delivered)

47
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia

A

Proper blood delivery but toxic agent enabling o2 use
Cause: cyanide poisoning (blocks enzymes during o2 use for atp)

48
Q

Hypocapnia/hypocarbia

A

Pco2 lower than 40 mmHg in arterial blood

49
Q

Hypocapnia mechanism and cause

A

Chemoreceptors not stimulated -> no sensory impulses to insp area. Area sets moderate pace until pco2=40
Cause: hyperventilation

50
Q

At higher altitude, less oxygen available meaning

A

Hb saturation levels are lower than normal

51
Q

At higher altitude, hb affinity is reduced =

A

More o2 released in tissues (rise in DPG (=BPG))

52
Q

Under physical stress at hight altitude tissues become

A

Hypoxic (not enough o2 to meet demands of tissue), breathing rate increases

53
Q

What adjustment body does to adapt to high altitude

A

Hematopoietic adjustments

54
Q

What is hematopoietic adjustments

A

When o2 level dec, kidneys produce more erythropoietin (hormone increasing production of RBC). Way to acclimatize to long exposure of high altitude

55
Q

Nicotine effect

A

Constricts terminal bronchioles (dec airflow)

56
Q

Carbon monoxide bad for breathing why

A

Binds to hb instead of o2 -> less o2 carrying capability

57
Q

Irritants in smoke cause

A

Mucus secretion (mucosa), swelling of mucosal lining-> impede airflow

58
Q

Irritants in smoke also

A

Inhibit mvmt of/destroy cilia -> excess mucus and debris not easily removed

59
Q

With time smoking leads to

A

Destruction of elastic fibres in lungs and prime cause of emphysema

Bio (26 decks)

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