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LATG > LATG Unit 3/4 Review > Flashcards

LATG Unit 3/4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages?

A

complement proteins

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2
Q

How is rumen stasis generally treated?

A

administration of warm saline and electrolytes

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3
Q

How is a drug classified as pharmaceutical grade in the United States?

A

by being FDA approved

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4
Q

The mouse norovirus is spread by which route of transmission?

A

fecal-oral

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5
Q

In what imaging technique is the x-ray beam rotated 360° around the patient to allow precise location of lesions?

A

Computed tomography

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6
Q

What enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria?

A

Lysozyme

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7
Q

What agent has been identified as the cause of scaly skin disease in athymic nude mice?

A

Corynebacterium bovis

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8
Q

What zoonotic viral disease often remains asymptomatic in infected macaques and can be fatal in humans?

A

B virus

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9
Q

What imaging technique uses a radioisotope to provide images of in vivo biological processes?

A

Positron emission tomography

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10
Q

Which cell population is lacking in SCID mice?

A

T and B Cells

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11
Q

If active scavenging is used, the scavenging system is connected to which part of the rebreathing system?

A

pop-off valve

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12
Q

A bacterial septicemia that occurs frequently in frogs and that can cause erosion of the toes, feet, and jaws is called:

A

red leg

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13
Q

What best defines the term “variable” as used in the biomedical research field?

A

it represents anything that can affect the result of a study

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14
Q

What arthropods lack jointed legs?

A

Pentastomids

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15
Q

What information is gained from continuous monitoring of blood pressure?

A

cardiac output

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16
Q

Insufficient dietary fiber in rabbits can cause what?

A

trichobezoars

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17
Q

What involves collecting and interpreting quantitative data and using probability theory to estimate population parameters?

A

statistics

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18
Q

In what drug group does acetylpromazine belong?

A

Phenothlazine tranquilizers

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19
Q

What is Ctenocephalides felis?

A

the most common species of flea found in dogs and cats

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20
Q

What is the definition of virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity of an organism

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21
Q

What drug is often combined with benzodiazepine tranquilizers to induce a dissociative state and provide pain relief and sedation?

A

ketamine

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22
Q

If results from a study can be replicated in some animal studies but not in others, the study lacks:

A

generality

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23
Q

A drug interaction that results in reduced effect of one or both drugs is called:

A

antagonistic

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24
Q

Whom must an investigator contact before a nonpharmaceutical-grade substance can be used in a study?

A

IACUC

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25
Q

Pododermatitis in guinea pigs is frequently seen in what situation?

A

housed on wire floors

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26
Q

The __________ of donor and recipient is a major determinant of success of an organ transplant.

A

histocompatibility

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27
Q

What does an ultrasonic Doppler flow detector measure?

A

blood pressure

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28
Q

Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin?

A

to overcome breakdown of the antibiotic

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29
Q

Why are ketamine injections administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous routes painful?

A

the pH of the solution is irritating

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30
Q

AIDS is an example of what type of disease?

A

Secondary immunodeficiency disease

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31
Q

What is the best definition of tidal volume?

A

The amount of air taken into the lungs in one breath

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32
Q

What is the typical treatment for a ruminant with a severely distended, bloated abdomen?

A

surgical incision of the rumen

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33
Q

What is another term for a complete blood count (CBC)?

A

Hemogram

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34
Q

In what species is atropine not effective to reduce salivation under anesthesia?

A

rabbits

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35
Q

What is a serious complication associated with the use of the anesthetic tribromoethanol?

A

intestinal ileus

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36
Q

What is the term for the solid media used to grow bacteria?

A

agar

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37
Q

What term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between two identical twins?

A

isograft

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38
Q

What term is used for lice infestation?

A

Pediculosis

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39
Q

The buffy coat in the hematocrit tube can be collected and used to determine what?

A

Morphology of the white blood cells

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40
Q

Bioluminescent imaging requires a light signal from which molecule?

A

Luciferin

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41
Q

A graph with a curve encompassing a wider span across the x-axis indicates greater:

A

variability

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42
Q

The use of ivermectin should be avoided or carefully controlled in what group of animals?

A

certain breeds of dogs

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43
Q

What is another term for antibody-mediated response?

A

humoral response

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44
Q

What part of a rebreathing anesthesia system relieves excessive pressure in the circuit?

A

pop-off valve

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45
Q

What immune system cells secrete antibodies?

A

B cells

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46
Q

Which cell type is a component of the innate immune system?

A

phagocytes

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47
Q

What characteristic is true of sucking lice but not true of chewing lice?

A

Sucking lice have narrow heads and mouthparts.

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48
Q

How would you classify the athymic mouse’s immunodeficiency?

A

As a primary immunodeficiency disease

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49
Q

Details of the assessed treatment(s) and measurements are described by the:

A

study design

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50
Q

Xylazine is which type of drug?

A

Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist

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51
Q

What is the most common route of infection for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis?

A

inhalation of aerosols

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52
Q

The four “how” questions: “How much?” “How given?” “How often?” and “How long?” together define which term?

A

dosage

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53
Q

Radioactive isotopes can be attached to which molecule in positron emission tomography?

A

glucose

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54
Q

The confidence level is an index of:

A

certainty

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55
Q

What type of RNA virus is carried from animal to animal by mosquitoes, ticks, and lice?

A

arbovirus

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56
Q

What is the main characteristic of an anesthesia induction chamber?

A

Inlet and outlet ports connected to an anesthesia machine

57
Q

What function is served by basophils?

A

initiation of inflammatory response

58
Q

What is meant by “reproducibility” of animal studies?

A

Effects found in a study can be replicated by other research teams.

59
Q

What is another term for macrophages?

A

antigen-presenting cells

60
Q

Information based on reported examples is known as:

A

anecdotal

61
Q

What is the shape of a bacillary bacterium?

A

rod-like

62
Q

Pseudocapillaroides xenopi is what type of organism?

A

nematode

63
Q

The genus of roundworms known as whipworms is a member of which group of helminths ?

A

cestodes

64
Q

Which decontamination method is the only way to ensure complete destruction of prions?

A

incineration

65
Q

What disease in fish is caused by a protozoan species?

A

ich

66
Q

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

A

IgM

67
Q

What disease is characterized by fish rubbing their sides and flipping around in the corners of the tank?

A

bacterial gill disease

68
Q

When using rebreathing anesthesia systems, what reaches the animal’s lungs?

A

A mixture of fresh and exhaled gases

69
Q

What fungi are microsporidia that cause lethargy, tremors, and partial paralysis in rabbits?

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

70
Q

What fungi are microsporidia that cause lethargy, tremors, and partial paralysis in rabbits?

A

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

71
Q

What must be absent from the diet of an animal to be used for fluorescent imaging?

A

chlorophyll

72
Q

What best describes a bacterial spore?

A

It is the bacterial chromosomes surrounded by a tough coating.

73
Q

A low hemoglobin concentration indicates:

A

anemia

74
Q

Which fish disease can be successfully treated using atabrine and sea salt?

A

velvet disease

75
Q

At necropsy, what finding is most likely in an animal infected by Mycoplasma pulmonis?

A

scarred lungs

76
Q

The secretion of antibodies occurs during which step of the acquired immune response?

A

response

77
Q

What device provides a measure of an animal’s pulse rate?

A

pulse oximeter

78
Q

A white blood cell differential is also known as a:

A

leukogram

79
Q

What type of virus is human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

A

arbovirus

80
Q

What do depressed levels of neutrophils usually indicate?

A

active viral infection

81
Q

B cells and plasma cells are part of the __________-mediated immune response.

A

antibody

82
Q

What type of respiration is seen in normal, awake animals?

A

thoracic

83
Q

Toxocara canis is which type of parasite?

A

ascarid

84
Q

In a study that attempts to determine if using treats such as pieces of carrots to elicit a desired behavior in rats (move through a tunnel to a new cage) will help the rats learn the behavior more quickly, what is the independent variable?

A

the treats

85
Q

The presence of antibodies against a pathogen is known as:

A

seroconversion

86
Q

What is the most common side effect of NSAIDSs?

A

GI irritation

87
Q

Upon what factor are the four stages of general anesthesia based?

A

Degree of CNS depression

88
Q

Canine parvovirus is an acute infection affecting which part of the gastrointestinal system?

A

small intestine

89
Q

What is a sign of chronic cutaneous capillariasis in fish?

A

skin hemorrhage

90
Q

Which swine disease can be prevented by vaccination?

A

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

91
Q

What disease causes lethargy and excessive mucus and white spots on the skin of fish?

A

ich

92
Q

The causative agent for idiopathic ulcerative dermatitis is:

A

unknown

93
Q

What drug can be used to reverse the effects of xylazine?

A

yohimbine

94
Q

A group of investigators think that cages housing mice on paper bedding will have higher ammonia levels than those on hard wood, but they conduct a study and conclude that any difference between groups is due to chance and not to any effect created by the different bedding types. Their conclusion supports what?

A

null hypothesis

95
Q

Aplastic anemia can be caused by what in female ferrets?

A

Bone marrow suppression from high estrogen levels

96
Q

An antibody-mediated immune response is associated with which kind of cells?

A

b cells

97
Q

What cells of the immune system develop into plasma cells?

A

B cells

98
Q

A nonrebreathing system is used for animals of what weight range?

A

less than 5 kg

99
Q

What disease found in fish can cause nonhealing granuloma ulcers on the skin in humans?

A

Mycobacteriosis

100
Q

Many different organisms can grow in a(n) ___ agar, but differences in their reactions can be observed.

A

differential

101
Q

How are lice spread in the animal facility?

A

direct contact

102
Q

What cells have a similar role to macrophages in presenting the antigen to other cells.

A

dendritic cells

103
Q

In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:

A

test articles

104
Q

A hamster was treated with penicillin to treat an infection caused by a gram-positive organism. The animal died the morning after the treatment. What is a cause of death that you should immediately consider?

A

A toxin secreted by Clostridium difficile killed the animal.

105
Q

Which nematode has the unique characteristic of not producing eggs?

A

filaria

106
Q

In rebreathing systems, the exhaled gases pass through a canister that absorbs what?

A

carbon dioxide

107
Q

During magnetic resonance imaging, which ions realign with the magnetic field?

A

hydrogen

108
Q

To preserve tissues for further examination, what is the usual ratio of tissue to fixative used by weight?

A

1 to 20

109
Q

To examine mucus scraped from the skin of an aquatic species, what substance is used to prepare the slide?

A

tank water

110
Q

An infection with Pseudocapillaroides xenopi is called

A

cutaneous capillariasis.

111
Q

What antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas?

A

Nitroimidazoles

112
Q

The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a(n):

A

toxic dose

113
Q

Helicobacter spp. are most commonly diagnosed with what technique?

A

PCR

114
Q

What are hydatid cysts?

A

fluid filled cysts containing tapeworm larvae

115
Q

Peridontal disease is a bacterial infection of the _______ and the accumulation of _______.

A

gums, tartar

116
Q

What species are carriers of B. bronchiseptica and so should not be housed in the same areas as guinea pigs?

A

rabbits

117
Q

The major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) are found on the surface of what cells?

A

T cells

118
Q

When speaking of multimodal drug therapy, “modal” refers to different modes of:

A

action

119
Q

What parasites are known as tongue worms?

A

Pentastomids

120
Q

What test provides information on blood cell morphology?

A

peripheral blood smear

121
Q

A goat that is staggering and kicking their belly most likely has what condition?

A

grain overload

122
Q

Hemoglobin is the:

A

oxygen-carrying component of RBCs

123
Q

Body cells secrete antibodies in reaction to what?

A

presence of an antigen

124
Q

What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals?

A

IgG

125
Q

The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant?

A

Xenograft

126
Q

What type of medication may help eliminate signs of coccidiosis?

A

sulfa drugs

127
Q

New tank systems may develop high levels of __________ in the water that may kill fish.

A

ammonia

128
Q

The volume of the rebreathing bag in an anesthesia system should be how many times the animal’s tidal volume?

A

6

129
Q

Bacteria staining pink with Gram stain are called _________.

A

gram-negative

130
Q

Microsporidiosis in fish is caused by what type of pathogen?

A

fungus

131
Q

If swine are unable to access water, they may develop:

A

salt toxicity

132
Q

What term is used for the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight?

A

dose rate

133
Q

What does the term “drug spectrum” refer to?

A

the type of organisms it is effective against

134
Q

In comparison with other infectious agents, what is a unique characteristic of prions?

A

do not contain nucleic acid

135
Q

What best defines the term “antigen”?

A

a substance that is recognized as non-self

136
Q

What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals?

A

IgA

137
Q

Otitis externa in cats may be associated with infestation by what arthropod?

A

Notoedres cat

138
Q

What reflex is not a good indicator of anesthetic depth in rodents?

A

Palpebral

LATG (24 decks)

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