LATG 16: Pharmacology Flashcards
1
Q
What discipline is used by pharmacologists to study how a drug is handled by the body?
A
pharmacokinetics
2
Q
In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:
A
test article
2
Q
In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:
A
test article
3
Q
Scientists who study how drugs interact with living systems are known by what?
A
pharmacologists
4
Q
True or False: Only the metabolites of a drug are eliminated by excretion.
A
False- both metabolites and amount of unchanged drug are excreted
5
Q
What term is used for the amount of drug administered that produces the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity?
A
therapeutic dose
6
Q
The four processes by which a drug is handled by the body — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion — are the focus of what discipline?
A
pharmacokinetics
7
Q
Formulary dosages are best interpreted as:
A
recommendations
8
Q
True or False: A drug compound will affect two animals in the same way, regardless of sex or health status, if the dose is equivalent.
A
False
9
Q
What are the components of ADME?
A
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
10
Q
What organ is the largest site of drug metabolism?
A
liver
11
Q
The breakdown products of drugs are called ____.
A
metabolites
12
Q
What represents the relative time (from the fastest to the slowest) it generally takes for a drug administered by these routes to begin taking effect?
A
IV > IP > IM > SQ > PO
13
Q
What term is used for the ability of a drug to enter the bloodstream from the site of administration?
A
absorption
14
Q
A drug interaction that results in reduced effect of one or both drugs is called:
A
antagonism
15
Q
Why is clauvanate administered with amoxicillin?
A
To overcome breakdown of the antibiotic
16
Q
True or False: The liver excretes drugs and drug metabolites into the bile.
A
True
17
Q
The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a(n):
A
toxic dose
18
Q
True or False: All drugs are toxic if given in excess.
A
True
19
Q
True or False: The therapeutic index can be expressed as the effective dose (ED50) divided by the lethal dose (LD50).
A
False- (LD50) divided by (ED50)
20
Q
True or False: In multimodal drug therapy, drugs with different mechanisms of action are combined.
A
True
21
Q
What are the benefits of multimodal drug therapy?
A
reduced likelihood of adverse affects, lower doses can be used for the same effects, multiple sites of action can lead to a better outcome
22
Q
What term is used for the quantity of the drug per unit of body weight?
A
dose rate
23
Q
What factors are included in the dose regimen?
A
dose, route, frequency, duration
24
True or False: Clinical signs of adverse drug effects are similar regardless of the body system affected.
False
25
Controlled substances are classified in how many schedules?
5
26
True or False: One should always use the drug dosage recommended by the manufacturer for the animal species to be treated to achieve the therapeutic effect.
False- the veterinarian knows best per animal
27
True or False: One should never exceed the drug dosage recommended by the manufacturer for the animal species to be treated.
False- veterinarian knows best per animal
28
True or False: It is important to know the generic name of a drug because it may be sold under various trade names.
True
29
True or False: An expiration date must be included on a drug's container.
True
30
True or False: Failure to clearly label expired drugs and to store them separately from other drugs is a violation of the Animal Welfare Act.
True
31
True or False: The symbol required for the label of a controlled drug contains a capital "X" and an Arabic number.
False- C
32
Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug?
the drug manufacturer
33
What is needed to obtain controlled substances in an animal facility?
federal or state license
34
True or False: Use of a drug labeled for dogs to treat a mouse is an example of "off-label" use.
True
35
True or False: The best dosage to use is the one recommended by the manufacturer and described on the label of the drug container.
False- veterinarian knows best per animal
36
True or False: A drug has only one generic name but may have many trade names.
True
37
True or False: Synthetic corticosteroids can be used to effectively treat itching, but nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cannot.
True
38
True or False: Antidiarrheal drugs are used to treat the symptoms but not the cause of diarrhea.
True- can mask symptoms
39
What characteristics do corticosteroids help?
reduce inflammation, reduce itching, reduce fever
40
True or False: Penicillins have mainly a Gram-negative spectrum of activity.
False-gram positive spectrum
41
What drug is often mixed with bacitracin and polymyxin for topical preparations used to treat superficial wounds?
neomycin
42
Antibiotics are used to combat what type of infections?
bacterial
43
What are pyrethrins?
insecticides
44
True or False: In some species, breeds, and strains, ivermectin can cross into the brain and produce severe and even fatal neurological effects.
True
45
What does the term "drug spectrum" refer to?
the type of organisms it is effective against
46
True or False: Ibuprofen is the trade name of a drug used as an anti-inflammatory.
False- ibuprofen is generic name
47
True or False: The use of biologics is regulated by the FDA.
True
48
What antibiotics are used to treat infections with parasitic protozoa, such as Amoeba, Giardia, and Trichomonas?
Nitroimidazoles
49
True or False: Fluoroquinolones are generally well tolerated by animals.
True
50
True or False: The normal bacteria living in the intestinal tract of hamsters and guinea pigs is composed of Gram-positive organisms.
True
51
True or False: Missed doses of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.
True
52
True or False: Clavulanate interferes with the action of amoxicillin.
False-potentiates amoxicillin by inhibiting an enzyme that breaks down amoxicillin.
53
True or False: In most species, the intestinal flora consists of mostly gram-negative organisms.
True
54
True or False: Miconazole is effective in treating both superficial and systemic fungal infections.
False- Systemic infections are very difficult to treat and require long-term treatment with ketoconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin.
55
Ivermectin, fenbendazole, and pyrantel pamoate are all used to treat animals for what?
parasites
56
What term is used to refer to pharmacological materials that consist of or are derived from living components?
biologics
57
True or False: Neomycin is very toxic if injected via the intravenous route,
True
58
True or False: The same drug may have different effects when administered by different routes.
True
59
True or False: Ivermectin should always be given orally.
False- can be given orally, parentally, or topically
59
True or False: Ivermectin should always be given orally.
False- can be given orally, parentally, or topically
60
True or False: Sulfonamides are broad spectrum antibiotics.
True
61
What antibiotic can cause tissue irritation and even necrosis if it is not diluted when given by injection?
enrofloxacin
62
What type of antibiotic is often added to the drinking water of immunosuppressed mice to prevent infection by Pneumocystis carinii?
Sulfonamide
63
Who establishes the expiration date of an FDA-approved drug?
the drug manufacturer
64
In the research setting, experimental drugs are also known as:
test articles
65
The four "how" questions: "How much?" "How given?" "How often?" and "How long?" together define what term?
dosage
66
The therapeutic index is a ratio that compares an effective dose to a:
toxic dose
67
If an animal does not seem to be tolerating a drug well, what action should be taken by animal care personnel?
notify veterinarian
68
What does the term "drug spectrum" refer to?
the type of organisms the drug is effective against
69
When speaking of multimodal drug therapy, "modal" refers to different modes of:
action
70
In the United States, what agency regulates drugs that are available on the market for human and animal use?
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
71
What condition can result if guinea pigs are administered penicillins?
enterotoxemia
72
What parasiticide is used to treat pinworms in rodents?
fenbendazole
73
What species shows a manic excitement when given doses of morphine that cause depression in most other species?
cats
74
Agents of what US government entity have the right to make unannounced inspections of facilities where controlled substances are present?
DEA
75
How is a drug classified as pharmaceutical grade in the United States?
by being FDA approved
76
In what three species should penicillin not be used or used only for short periods of time?
guinea pigs, hamsters, and rabbits
77
The effect of administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together is called:
synergistic
78
The four processes by which a drug is handled by the body — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion — are the focus of what discipline?
Pharmacokinetics
79
Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficacy is dependent upon what factor?
time of day
80
The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body:
pharmacokinetics
80
The study of how a drug or compound is handled by the body:
pharmacokinetics
81
What are the 4 "hows" of formulary dosages?
how much, how often, how given, how long
82
True or False: The intended outcome of the therapeutic dose is to produce the desired pharmacological effect without producing toxicity.
True
83
True or False: A drug that is given IV must be absorbed by tissues before reaching the bloodstream.
False
84
True or False: In IP injection, the drug has to be absorbed through the peritoneum and be taken up by the capillaries before it enters the bloodstream.
True
85
True or False: Oral administration is the fastest route to reach peak concentration.
False
86
True or False: A drug given IV generally reaches its site of action quicker than one given IM.
True
87
What are the 4 processes involved with how a drug is handled by the body, which are known as ADME?
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
88
The peak effect of a drug occurs fastest by which route of administration?
IV
89
The breakdown products of drugs are called:
metabolites
90
What does the actual blood concentration of a drug depend on?
dose, administration site, and rates of absorption, distribution, and excretion
91
True or False: The time of day a drug is administered does not matter.
False
92
A capsule is an example of a _____________________ formulation.
controlled- release
93
True or False: Excretion of drugs can occur through milk.
True
94
What are the key benefits of multimodal therapy?
multiple sites of action lead to better clinical outcome, there is a reduced likelihood of adverse effects, lower doses may be used for the same effect
95
One drug diminishes or reverses the effect of another
antagonism
96
This term refers to the relative safety of the drug.
Therapeutic index
97
response is more than the sum of the drugs given separately
Synergism
98
One drug increases the effect of another
Potentiation
99
response is equal to the sum of the drugs given separately
Additive Effect
100
What 2 major organs are are involved with the excretion of drugs?
liver and kidneys
101
What are 2 ways the animal's gender that may influence the drug response?
hormone levels, pregnancy effects absorption/distribution/metabolism
102
Tamoxifen is an example of a drug whose efficacy is dependent upon:
time of day given
103
Why is it important to follow the same schedule for drug administration for all animals in the study?
changes in the body activity during the day can affect absorption, distribution, and metabolism
104
What is the branch of the US government that regulates human and animal drug use?
Drug Enforcement Agency
105
What does "off-label" mean?
the drug is being used in a way not specified in the FDA package insert
106
What is the difference in pharmaceutical grade vs nonpharmaceutical grade drugs?
pharmaceutical grade drugs have been approved for use in the US by the FDA
107
For an antibiotic, the term spectrum refers to:
the type of organisms it is effective against
108
True or False: Among antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the least serious effects.
False
109
A combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid is used to overcome:
the bacterial resistance to penicillin
110
Why should penicillin not be used in guinea pigs and hamsters?
can cause fatal enterotoxemia
111
True or False: Ivermectin should always be given orally.
False
112
Pinworms can be eliminated in rodents by using ___________ as a food additive in rodent chow.
Fenbendazole
113
True or False: Administering trimethoprim and sulfamethazine together has a synergistic effect.
True
114
What compounds are produced from chrysanthemum plants and can be used to treat external parasites?
pyrethrins
115
What best describes a polyvalent vaccine?
protects against multiple diseases
116
What are the 3 types of information a technician should always check when picking up a vial containing a commercial drug preparation before it's use?
drug name, strength, expiration date
