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LATG > LATG 10: Genetic Engineering of Laboratory Animals > Flashcards

LATG 10: Genetic Engineering of Laboratory Animals Flashcards

1
Q

What best describes a transgenic animal?

A

An animal whose chromosomes contain DNA from an external source

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2
Q

True or False: About 80% of the genes present in humans are also present in the mouse genome.

A

True

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3
Q

Which term represents the hereditary information that is present in an animal?

A

genome

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4
Q

What is a transgene?

A

The fragment of DNA that is introduced into the nucleus of a cell

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5
Q

True or False: Barrier access to an animal room increases the risk of introducing disease entities to valuable genetically modified lines.

A

False

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6
Q

True or False: A gene’s phenotype develops in utero and can always be observed after birth.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False: With barrier access to a room, investigators must rely on animal care staff to handle all animal needs.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: Overbreeding to obtain the number of mice needed with a particular genotype is unacceptable in a transgenic animal facility.

A

False

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9
Q

True or False: If a large number of animals must be euthanized because gene expression is inadequate, animal care staff may need emotional support.

A

True

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10
Q

True or False: Every transgenic animal facility should have a mechanism for observing, documenting, and reporting health concerns regarding breeding or unique phenotypes.

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: Genetically modified mice have the same housing and nutrition needs as any other mice in the facility.

A

False

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12
Q

True or False: Whenever a dam experiences dystocia, oxytocin is effective at inducing labor.

A

False- not always effective

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13
Q

To produce the embryos needed to produce gene-targeted animals, the dosage and timing of the hormone injections to induce superovulation must take into consideration which of the following factors?

A

light/dark cycle of facility, strain of female

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14
Q

What is an initial observation indicating a successful mating?

A

vaginal plug

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15
Q

Females with a litter from implanted fertilized eggs are called:

A

surrogate mothers

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16
Q

If fertilized eggs are required, along with egg donor females, what animals are required?

A

stud males

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17
Q

Placing pups with a female other than the one who gave birth to them is called cross-fostering.

A

cross fostering

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18
Q

The successful breeding of transgenic mice may be affected by what factors?

A

lighting, noise, odors, stress

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19
Q

True or False: Embryos can be transferred to recipient mice surgically if the embryos are at least 3.5 days old.

A

False- exactly 3.5 days old

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20
Q

True or False: In the production of gene-targeted animals, mating with a stud makes the recipient female pseudopregnant.

A

False

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21
Q

True or False: Pronuclear injection provides the scientist with a more specific tool than gene-targeted mutation for placement of the transgene.

A

False

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22
Q

True or False: To construct a transgene, the scientist must start with an existing piece of DNA that originated in a living organism.

A

False

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23
Q

True or False: Pronuclear injection introduces a transposon-flanked DNA sequence with an enzyme that inserts multiple copies of the DNA into the genome.

A

False- multiple copy segments can be detrimental

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23
Q

True or False: Pronuclear injection introduces a transposon-flanked DNA sequence with an enzyme that inserts multiple copies of the DNA into the genome.

A

False- multiple copy segments can be detrimental

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24
Q

True or False: A transposon is a DNA sequence obtained from bacteria.

A

True

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25
Q

True or False: All animals produced by pronuclear injections of the same transgene have the same phenotype.

A

False

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25
Q

True or False: All animals produced by pronuclear injections of the same transgene have the same phenotype.

A

False

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26
Q

What are alleles?

A

Copies of the same gene

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27
Q

If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be:

A

hemizygous

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28
Q

True or False: Wild-type animals are more commonly used to start a transgenic line because it is easier to observe a phenotypic change than in inbred strains.

A

False

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29
Q

True or False: Offspring of two hemizygous parents inherit at least a copy of the transgene.

A

False- 25% will have no copy of the gene

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30
Q

True or False: PCR can be used to genotype an animal born after pronuclear injection of a transgene.

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: CRISPR/Cas9 may be used to selectively knock out genes of interest.

A

True

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32
Q

True or False: Eukaryotic cells have the ability to develop into any kind of cell in the body.

A

False- embryonic stem cells do

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33
Q

True or False: Using engineered systems for gene targeting eliminates the need for embryonic stem cell culture.

A

True

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34
Q

What is a genetically engineered animal that has had one or more genes from its genome functionally removed?

A

Knockout

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35
Q

True or False: Mouse models have been developed that replace the mouse immune system with a human system.

A

True

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36
Q

True or False: CRISPR is an engineered DNA identification mechanism.

A

False- it is a naturally occurring DNA identification mechanism

37
Q

True or False: The gene-targeted mutation derived from the injected embryonic stem cells is always present in the sperm of a male chimera.

A

False- The germ cells of a chimera may be derived from the host or from the ES cells.

38
Q

True or False: Embryonic stem cells used for gene-targeted mutations are grown in the presence of antibiotics.

A

True

39
Q

True or False: In genetically engineered mice known as knockouts, the transgene of interest is functional.

A

False

40
Q

True or False: To test for germline transmission, chimeras are mated to animals of the same strain from which their ES cells were derived.

A

False-To test for germline transmission, chimeras are mated to animals of the same strain as the blastocyst host.

41
Q

True or False: In order to avoid disturbing the litter, the best time to genotype a mouse is within two days of birth.

A

False- best done ~2 weeks

42
Q

True or False: Tail biopsies on adult mice should be done under anesthesia.

A

True

43
Q

True or False: The phenotype of mutant animals indicates the engineered change in DNA.

A

True

44
Q

True or False: Cryopreservation can be used to store frozen embryos, and subsequently recover the original genetic make-up of a mouse line when genetic drift has caused changes in the strain.

A

True

45
Q

What technique allows a mouse strain to be taken “off the shelf” but still be available for use when needed?

A

cryopreservation

46
Q

True or False: Sperm cryopreservation is a terminal procedure

A

True

47
Q

True or False: The Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Centers serve as centralized repositories for many mouse lines.

A

True

48
Q

What best describes “alleles”?

A

Copies of the same gene

49
Q

If a genetically modified mouse is dying and cannot be saved, it is important to attempt to save which of the following?

A

gonads

50
Q

What is the best age to genotype a mouse in order not to disturb the litter?

A

around weaning time

51
Q

To produce the embryos needed to produce gene-targeted animals, the dosage and timing of the hormone injections to induce superovulation must take into consideration which of the following factors?

A

the strain of the donor female and light/dark cycles

52
Q

If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be:

A

hemizygous

53
Q

In which room access type are primary investigators allowed to conduct some manipulations, although facility personnel have the majority of contact with the animals?

A

limited access

54
Q

What best describes genetic engineering?

A

Manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition

55
Q

What is the ideal age range for stud males?

A

3-8 months

56
Q

Cryopreserved embryos and sperm are incubated in which substance?

A

liquid nitrogen

57
Q

In the pronuclear injection technique, some females are mated to vasectomized males to:

A

induce pseudopregnancy

58
Q

Using the pronuclear injection technique, what is the average percentage of offspring carrying the transgene?

A

20%

59
Q

What is a genome?

A

The hereditary information contained in the DNA

60
Q

If only one allele is mutated using CRISPR/Cas9, what is the resulting animal known as?

A

a mosaic animal

61
Q

The introduction of an antibiotic resistance gene into a DNA fragment is used for what purpose?

A

It helps identify the cells that have integrated the transgene.

62
Q

Genetically engineered mice are often transported between institutions which often results in:

A

the need for more frequent sentinel testing.

63
Q

What best describes genetic engineering?

A

manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition

64
Q

__________ refers to introducing additional DNA into the genome of an animal.

A

Transgenesis

65
Q

True or False: Most genes are specific to one species and are not found in animals of other species or genus.

A

False

66
Q

What are the 2 major differences between pronuclear injection and gene-targeted mutation?

A

Location: in pronuclear injection, the DNA is integrated in random locations of the chromosome; in gene-targeted a specific location is used Number: in pronuclear injection, many copies of the gene are integrated; in gene targeted only 1 is integrated

67
Q

What are the 3 standard types of access to a mouse breeding room?

A

full access, limited access, and barrier

68
Q

What observations should be made when a female has pups?

A

condition of nest, how many pups, whether the dam is attending to them

69
Q

True or False: Pronuclear injection provides the scientist with a more specific tool than gene-targeted mutation for placement of the transgene.

A

False

70
Q

What ways can a phenotype be expressed?

A

clinical exam, reproductive assessment, neurological tests, behavior tests, physiological tests, imaging, clinical chemistry, necropsy/histopath

71
Q

What are common stressors that may disrupt a recipient female’s care of pups?

A

cage disturbances, loud/sudden noise, vibrations, lighting change (intensity and cycle), personnel changes

72
Q

What is the purpose of mating a female with a vasectomized male?

A

to induce pseudopregnancy

73
Q

Will all of the offspring of two hemizygous parents inherit at least a copy of the transgene?

A

no

74
Q

An animal that contains a targeted selection of new DNA that was designed to change a specific gene is called:

A

knockin

75
Q

An animal that has a fragment of DNA inserted to prevent a gene from being expressed is called:

A

knock out

76
Q

Why are mice from inbred lines preferred for producing transgenics?

A

it is easier to identify phenotype changes in mice that originally have identical phenotypes

77
Q

In creating a chimera, why is it recommended to use embryonic stem cells from a strain of a different coat color than the strain used to provide the blastocyst?

A

you can identify chimeras by differences in their phenotype as compared to parent strains

78
Q

True or False: Obtaining chimeras that have patches of fur of different colors is a clear indication that there is germline transmission of the gene-targeted mutation.

A

False

79
Q

What are the 4 types of animals needed for the production of transgenic animals?

A

egg donor (superovulated female), embryo-recipient (pseudopregnant female), stud male, vasectomized male

80
Q

What is the sequence of steps should be followed to prepare females for producing blastocytes in the developement of gene targeted animals?

A

inject PMSG, inject hCG, mate with stud male, harvest embryo

81
Q

What method is used to cause recipient females to become pseudopregnant?

A

copulation with vasectomized male

82
Q

What is backcrossing?

A

mating a chimera to a wild type

83
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

induces labor

84
Q

What is dystocia?

A

difficult labor

85
Q

What are Founders?

A

pups resulting from pronuclear injection

86
Q

What are chimeras?

A

pups produced by targeted-gene mutation

87
Q

True or False: In order to avoid disturbing the litter, the best time to genotype a mouse is within 2 days of birth.

A

False

88
Q

What are 2 reasons that cryopreservation can help ensure that mouse strains remain available and genetically unchanged?

A

repopulation a strain of animals if died/euthanized, it can be used to return to the original genetic make-up

89
Q

Embryos are obtained for cryopreservation by mating which type of female?

A

wild-type female

90
Q

What 2 conditions that could be responsible for the lack of offspring following a timed-mating?

A

sterility, embryonic lethality

91
Q

What describes a congenic strain?

A

the result of backcrossing for 10 generations

92
Q

True or False: CRISPR is a naturally occurring gene repair mechanism?

A

True

LATG (24 decks)

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