LATG 12: Immunology

Question 1

True or False: According to the work of Jenner and Pasteur, prior exposure to microorganisms leads to protective immunity.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What defines the term “immunology”?

Answer 2

The study of the body’s response when it is exposed to foreign substances

Question 3

What scientists are associated with the development of the basic concepts of immunology?

Answer 3

Jenner and Pasteur

Question 4

The term “attenuated” is often used in immunology. Which of the following best describes its meaning?

Answer 4

weakend

Question 5

True or False: The same MHC proteins are found in all the animals of the same species, but different MHC proteins are present in animals of different species.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Acquired immunity is also called:

Answer 6

adaptive immunity

Question 7

True or False: Antibodies are made up of heavy and light chains.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?

Answer 8

Phagocytes

Question 9

True or False: An animal’s innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

True or False: T lymphocytes are also called T cells.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False: Nutrition can affect the strength of an individual’s innate resistance.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What cellular component plays a role in the body’s ability to recognize substances as “nonself”?

Answer 12

Proteins of the major histocompatibility complex

Question 13

True or False: The most important role of the immune system is to keep foreign substances from entering the blood circulation.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What is the predominant type of immunoglobulins found in the saliva of mammals?

Answer 14

IgA

Question 15

What enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria?

Answer 15

Lysozyme

Question 16

Which immune system cells secrete antibodies?

Answer 16

B Cells

Question 17

True or False: T lymphocytes are the major cell type associated with cell-mediated immunity.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False: Different types of immune system cells produce different antibodies when exposed to the same antigen.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or False: An individual’s innate resistance to foreign substances remains the same throughout his/her life.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

True or False: The acquired immune system only develops an immune response after an antigen has entered the body.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or False: The innate immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

Answer 22

IgM

Question 23

True or False: Each antibody can bind to several different kinds of antigens.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

In the recognition step of the acquired immune response, the antigen is called the _______________ molecule.

Answer 24

signal

Question 25

True or False: Fluids from tissues are transported by the circulatory system and recycled by the lymphatic system.

Answer 25

False- fluids from the tissues are transported by the lymphatic system and recycled by the circulatory system.

Question 26

True or False: Antibiotics accelerate the response of the immune system.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or False: IgG can cross the placenta to provide some immunity to newborn animals in their first few weeks of life.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

True or False: MHC proteins help T lymphocytes recognize and attach to antigens.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What best describes "immune response"?

Answer 29

The body's reaction against invading foreign substances

Question 30

During what phase of a primary immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

Answer 30

the log phase

Question 31

During the plateau phase of a primary immune response, the antibody titer for the pathogen of interest:

Answer 31

reaches it's peak

Question 32

True or False: Immunization is a process by which an animal develops immunity after having been exposed to an antigen.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

True or False: A secondary immune response to a given antigen is generally a weaker response than the primary response to the initial exposure.

Answer 33

False

Question 34

Why are adjuvants used in vaccines?

Answer 34

to enhance immune response

Question 35

What is another term used to describe immunodeficient individuals?

Answer 35

Immunocompromised

Question 36

True or False: All diseases that affect the immune system cause a decreased immune response.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

True or False: An autoimmune disease is the result of the individual's immune system becoming hypersensitive to some allergen in the environment.

Answer 37

False

Question 38

What best describes immunosuppression?

Answer 38

A lowered immune responsiveness

Question 39

True or False: A primary immunodeficiency disease is an acquired condition resulting from an infection or a side effect of a drug treatment

Answer 39

False

Question 40

Because they lack a thymus, nude mice lack which component of the immune system?

Answer 40

T cells

Question 41

What best describes autoimmune disease?

Answer 41

The animal's immune system reacts against the animal's own constituents.

Question 42

True or False: When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

In AIDS, the HIV virus destroys which of the cells involved in the immune response?

Answer 43

T helper cells and macrophages

Question 44

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to which group?

Answer 44

NHP

Question 45

True or False: Drug therapy with corticosteroids can lead to secondary immunodeficiency disease.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Which organ does the nude mouse lack?

Answer 46

Thymus

Question 47

True or False: In general, autoimmune diseases target all organs of the body.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

True or False: Asthma is always caused by an allergic reaction affecting the respiratory track.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

Why is cyclosporin A often used in individuals who have received tissue transplants?

Answer 49

it is an immunosuppressant drug

Question 50

True or False: Stress can cause temporary immunodeficiencies.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Which term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species?

Answer 51

allograft

Question 52

The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant?

Answer 52

xenograft

Question 53

The __________ of donor and recipient is a major determinant of success of an organ transplant.

Answer 53

histocompatibility

Question 54

Which cell lineage is affected in XID mice?

Answer 54

B cell

Question 55

What are the three steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?

Answer 55

Recognition, amplification, and resolution

Question 56

Which enzyme can be found in tears, saliva, and nasal secretions and destroys bacteria?

Answer 56

lysozyme

Question 57

What component of the innate immune system coats the surface of invading organisms to facilitate their attack by the macrophages?

Answer 57

Complement proteins

Question 58

How would you classify the athymic mouse's immunodeficiency?

Answer 58

As a primary immunodeficiency disease

Question 59

During which phase of a primary immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

Answer 59

the log phase

Question 60

What term would you use to describe a graft that is transplanted between individuals of the same species?

Answer 60

allograft

Question 61

What best defines the term "antigen"?

Answer 61

a substance that is recognized as non-self

Question 62

What is chronic immune complex diseases?

Answer 62

There is an accumulation of antigen-antibody complexes in the bloodstream.

Question 63

What is typical of a secondary (anamnestic) immune response?

Answer 63

The serum titer rises to a higher level than during the primary response.

Question 64

What immune system cells secrete antibodies?

Answer 64

B cells

Question 65

What is another term for macrophages?

Answer 65

antigen-preserving cells

Question 66

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to be synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

Answer 66

IgM

Question 67

What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?

Answer 67

phagocytes

Question 68

B cells and plasma cells are part of the __________-mediated immune response.

Answer 68

antibody

Question 69

Which cell population is lacking in SCID mice?

Answer 69

T and B Cells

Question 70

Which immunoglobulin is associated with hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma?

Answer 70

IgE

Question 71

The major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC) are found on the surface of what cells?

Answer 71

t cells

Question 72

The transplantation of a pig heart valve into a human is an example of what type of transplant?

Answer 72

Xenograft

Question 73

What is the term used to describe an animal with a normal immune system?

Answer 73

immunocompetent

Question 74

AIDS is an example of which type of disease?

Answer 74

Secondary immunodeficiency disease

Question 75

What is the term for the basic resistance that an individual has when born?

Answer 75

innate/passive immunity

Question 76

What cells are generated by the thymus, bone marrow, liver, and spleen and are found in large numbers in the lymphatic system?

Answer 76

leukocytes

Question 77

What cells are the first to recognize the presence of bacterial antigens and release chemical signals to immune cells in other locations?

Answer 77

phagocytes

Question 78

What is the role of cytokines?

Answer 78

They transmit information about the presence of a foreign substance.

Question 78

What are the 2 acquired immune system responses?

Answer 78

cell-mediated and antibody-mediated

Question 79

What are the 3 types of interferons?

Answer 79

alpha, beta, and gamma

Question 80

Which cells have a similar role to macrophages in presenting the antigen to other cells.

Answer 80

dendric cells

Question 81

An antibody-mediated immune response is associated with what kind of cells?

Answer 81

B cells

Question 82

What is another term for antibody-mediated response?

Answer 82

humoral response

Question 83

Which is the most abundant immunoglobulin in mammalian serum?

Answer 83

IgG

Question 84

What are the 3 reasons that the immune system can be overwhelmed allowing infection to lead to disease?

Answer 84

high infectious load, virulence of microbe is great, compromised immune system

Question 85

What is another term for acquired immunity?

Answer 85

adaptive immunity

Question 86

What is the best meaning of "attenuated" in immunology?

Answer 86

weakened

Question 87

True or False: The same MCH proteins are found in all the animals of the same species.

Answer 87

False

Question 88

What chemical messenger do macrophages and granulocytes release to escalate the immune response?

Answer 88

cytokines

Question 89

True or False: An animal's innate immune system is functional even if the animal has not been exposed to a foreign substance.

Answer 89

True

Question 90

True or False: The acquired immune response only develops in response to a specific antigen.

Answer 90

True

Question 91

Antibody-mediated immune response is associated with what kind of cells?

Answer 91

b-cells and plasma cells

Question 92

What are the 3 steps involved in an acquired immunity response to a foreign substance?

Answer 92

1. Recognition, 2. Amplification, 3. Resolution

Question 93

What 2 types of molecules participate in the recognition step of an acquired immune response?

Answer 93

signal molecule and receptor molecule

Question 94

What cells secrete specialized factors that carry messages to other immune system cells?

Answer 94

helper T cells

Question 95

True or False: Each antibody molecule can bind several different kinds of antigen.

Answer 95

False

Question 96

What is the first class of immunoglobulins to by synthesized by a fetus or newborn in response to an antigen?

Answer 96

IgM

Question 97

Which cellular organelle contains enzymes that destroy foreign materials that were engulfed by phagocytic cells?

Answer 97

lysosomes

Question 98

What are 2 ways by which active immunity can develop?

Answer 98

following exposure to an infectious agent, after vaccination

Question 99

During which phase of an immune response do the antibodies become detectable in the serum?

Answer 99

log phase

Question 100

What is the term for the secondary immune response?

Answer 100

anamnestic response

Question 101

What are 3 ways that an individual can naturally acquire an immune disease?

Answer 101

inherit, acquire through infection or illness, side-effect of drug treatment

Question 102

AIDs is an example of:

Answer 102

a secondary immunodeficiency disease

Question 103

True or False: When a defect in immune response is inherited, it is referred to as a primary immunodeficiency disease.

Answer 103

True

Question 104

SIV is an immunodeficiency virus that affects animals belonging to what species?

Answer 104

NHPs

Question 105

What cell populations are lacking in SCID mice?

Answer 105

T cells and B cells

Question 106

What precautions should be taken when housing immunodeficient mice?

Answer 106

given sterilized feed and water, kept in air-filtered environment, handled aseptically, cage changes should be done in a laminar flow work station

Question 107

What are 3 examples of immune hypersensitivity?

Answer 107

asthma, allergies, autoimmune disease

Question 108

What is the term used to describe a graft transplanted between individuals of the same species?

Answer 108

allograft

Question 109

What is self recognition?

Answer 109

the recognition of cells and tissues as foreign or self

Question 110

What are epitopes?

Answer 110

fragment of an antigen bound to a molecule

Question 111

True or False: Antigenicity is the degree to which an antigen can induce an immune response.

Answer 111

True

Question 112

True or False: A passive immunization allows for permanent resistance to an antigen.

Answer 112

False

Question 113

True or False: Radiation exposure can cause immunosuppression.

Answer 113

True