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LATG > LATG 18: Study Design and Data Handling > Flashcards

LATG 18: Study Design and Data Handling Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: Scientific research begins with a conclusion about a set of animals or humans.

A

False- begins with a question

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2
Q

If results from a study can be replicated in some animal studies but not in others, the study lacks:

A

generality.

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3
Q

True or False: When a sample group shows no effect, although the treatment would actually have a real effect on the whole population, the study has produced false positive results.

A

False- false negative result

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4
Q

True or False: Blind assessment is an effective method of avoiding bias.

A

True

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5
Q

True or False: A group of test subjects in a research study is used as a sample to draw conclusions about an entire population.

A

True

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6
Q

An experimental hypothesis is a _________________ of the results of the study.

A

prediction

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7
Q

True or False: An experimental hypothesis is a statement of the answer an investigator expects to find to a research question.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False: In any scientific study, the goal is to include as many animals as possible in each group.

A

False- investigator determines smallest amount of animals needed to obtain results

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9
Q

True or False: The independent variable is the variable that is measured during the study.

A

False- dependent variable is measured

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10
Q

True or False: In a scientific study, the control group is the group receiving the experimental treatment.

A

False

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11
Q

The _______ is the number of experimental units in a group.

A

sample size

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12
Q

True or False: All members of the research team have a responsibility to see that the study protocol is followed exactly as written and approved by the IACUC.

A

True

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13
Q

True or False: Some sources of nonexperimental variation cannot be controlled.

A

True

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14
Q

Unexpected differences within subjects can be controlled by:

A

randomization

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15
Q

In a study that attempts to determine if using treats such as pieces of carrots to elicit a desired behavior in rats (move through a tunnel to a new cage) will help the rats learn the behavior more quickly, what is the independent variable?

A

the treats

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16
Q

Confounding variables are known as:

A

non experimental variables

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17
Q

In a study that attempts to determine if using treats to elicit a desired behavior (move through a tunnel to a new cage) helps the rats learn the behavior more quickly, what is the dependent variable?

A

time taken to reach new cage

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18
Q

True or False: In a normal distribution, 95% of the measurements fall between the mean plus or minus one standard deviation (mean ± 1 SD).

A

False-68% of the measurements fall between the mean plus or minus one standard deviation (mean ± 1 SD). 95% of the measurements fall between the mean mean ± 2 SD

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19
Q

Two studies demonstrated that Drug A reduces joint inflammation in baboons. Study 1 shows a significant difference between the experimental and the control group at p = 0.10, and Study 2 shows a significant difference at p = 0.01. Which study has the greater confidence level?

A

study 2

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20
Q

Which term is used for the measure of dispersion of data?

A

standard deviation

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21
Q

True or False: In statistics, the p-value is the opposite of the confidence level.

A

True

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22
Q

What phrase best defines “bias” in research?

A

Influence on study data by investigators or conditions

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23
Q

The probability that the difference observed in the data happened by chance and is due to normal distribution rather than to the experimental treatment is known as the:

A

p-value

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24
Q

If a treatment would actually be effective, but a significant effect was not detected in the study (the null hypothesis was accepted), the study lacked:

A

power

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25
Q

If results from a study can be replicated in some animal studies but not in others, the study lacks:

A

generality

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26
Q

The confidence level is an index of:

A

certainty

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27
Q

Details of the assessed treatment(s) and measurements are described by the:

A

study design

28
Q

________ helps to eliminate personal bias from a study and to allow the independent variable to control.

A

Randomization

29
Q

A group of investigators think that cages housing mice on paper bedding will have higher ammonia levels than those on hard wood, but they conduct a study and conclude that any difference between groups is due to chance and not to any effect created by the different bedding types. Their conclusion supports what?

A

null hypothesis

30
Q

The research question is usually expressed as a(n):

A

hypothesis

31
Q

A(n) __________ is an assumption evaluated by research.

A

hypothesis

32
Q

A graph with a curve encompassing a wider span across the x-axis indicates greater:

A

variability

33
Q

What best defines the term “variable” as used in the biomedical research field?

A

It represents anything that can affect the results of a study.

34
Q

What are 4 types of skills that managers need to have?

A

technical skills, conceptual skills, communication skills, people skills

35
Q

What best describes conceptual skills?

A

thinking analytically or creatively

36
Q

True or False: Good communication skills decrease in importance as an individual climbs the management ladder?

A

False

37
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in setting a goal?

A

identify the goal, decide on a strategy to achieve the goal, determine the allocation of resources to attain the goal

38
Q

What is the basic principle for staffing a facility?

A

divide the workload based on what tasks an average person can reasonably accomplish within the regular working hours

39
Q

True or False: Asking about the applicant’s views on the use of animals in research is NOT appropriate.

A

False

40
Q

If it becomes necessary to get a supervisor to get involved in a conflict between 2 employees, what is the best first step to resolve the situation?

A

have them describe in writing specific actions they find objectionable

41
Q

The performance standards used for performance appraisals should be:

A

measurable

42
Q

True or False: It is best to set very high performance standards so that only the very best employees meet them.

A

False

43
Q

What are some steps that may be taken before firing an employee is considered?

A

verbal warning, written reprimand, suspension, demotion

44
Q

Where should the organization’s policies be described?

A

employee handbook

45
Q

The research question is usually expressed as a:

A

hypothesis

46
Q

True or False: In a scientific study, the control group is the group receiving the experimental treatment.

A

False

47
Q

True or False: In any scientific study, the goal is to include as many animals as possible in each group.

A

False

48
Q

True or False: In statistics, the p value is the opposite of the confidence level.

A

True

49
Q

Statistics is a science that deal with the _____, _____, ______, and _______ of data by the use of __________.

A

collection, classification, analysis, and interpretation; probability theory

50
Q

What criteria should be used to determine the number of animals to be used in a study?

A

The 3 R’s principle and the confidence level selected

51
Q

Define dependent variable.

A

the variable measured during study

52
Q

Define dependent variable.

A

the variable measured during study

53
Q

Define independent variable.

A

the variable manipulated by the investigator

54
Q

Define control group.

A

similar group of animals that do not get the experimental treatment

55
Q

Define treatment group.

A

animals receiving the experimental treatment

56
Q

What is the statistical method that helps control variables by eliminating personal bias from a study?

A

randomization

57
Q

True or False: For a sample that has a normal distribution, 95% of the data points will fall within +/- 2 SD.

A

True

58
Q

What is the difference between the confidence level and the p-value?

A

an index of certainty that the difference is due to experimental treatment

59
Q

What factor is controlled by randomization?

A

bias

60
Q

What is the difference in an experimental and a null hypothesis?

A

experimental hypothesis is a prediction of the results of a study, a null hypothesis states there is no difference between means of 2 groups and no variable effect

61
Q

Anything that can potentially affect the results of the study

A

variables

62
Q

Anything that can potentially affect the results of the study

A

variables

63
Q

index of certainty

A

confidence level

64
Q

measure of the dispersion of data

A

standard deviation

65
Q

the probability that the observed difference happened by chance alone

A

p-value

66
Q

a statement that there is no difference between the means of the 2 groups

A

null hypothesis

67
Q

the number of experimental units in a group

A

sample size

LATG (24 decks)

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