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LATG > LATG 15: Diagnostic Techniques > Flashcards

LATG 15: Diagnostic Techniques Flashcards

1
Q

What term means “the determination of the nature and cause of a disease, injury, or congenital defect”?

A

diagnosis

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2
Q

What term means “to predict the outcome of a disease”?

A

prognosis

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3
Q

True or False: Serological tests are used to determine the type of organisms present in a skin scraping sample.

A

False- PCR is used

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4
Q

What test is a quick method, though not very accurate, for detecting endoparasites?

A

direct fecal smear

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5
Q

Smears can be used to determine the presence of endoparasites in what kind of samples?

A

fecal, blood, sputum

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6
Q

What are signs that might be an indication that an animal has ectoparasites?

A

itching, skin lesions, and hair loss

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7
Q

Where are endoparasites most commonly found in laboratory animals?

A

in the intestinal tract

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8
Q

True or False: Direct smear is the primary method used to detect protozoan parasites in an animal.

A

True

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9
Q

By what method are most endoparasites detected?

A

fecal examination

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10
Q

True or False: PCR is more sensitive than a tape test for the detection of pinworm species.

A

True

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11
Q

Fecal flotation is used to determine if ________________ and/or ______________ are present in the sample.

A

parasite eggs. coccidian oocysts

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12
Q

True or False: Testing with a fecal analysis kit does not require centrifugation.

A

True

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13
Q

True or False: An animal may need to be sedated to swab its ear to check for ear mites.

A

True

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14
Q

True or False: To detect endoparasites by fecal flotation, sugar may be mixed with the fecal specimen.

A

True

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15
Q

True or False: The fecal flotation test requires a larger sample than the one needed for the direct smear.

A

True

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16
Q

True or False: Mites in a fur sample are visible by eye.

A

False- lice can be seen with the naked eye

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17
Q

True or False: Ectoparasites leave a dead body as it cools.

A

True

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18
Q

Lymphocytes are produced by the:

A

lymph nodes

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19
Q

What test provides information on blood cell morphology?

A

peripheral blood smear

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20
Q

In most species, what type of white blood cells are the most numerous?

A

neutrophils/heterophils

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21
Q

What best describes plasma?

A

the liquid portion of unclotted blood

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22
Q

A hematocrit is used to determine what?

A

packed cell volume

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23
Q

What function is served by basophils?

A

initiation of inflammatory response

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24
Q

True or False: A white blood cell count includes quantification for all types of white blood cells.

A

False- a differential is needed

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25
Q

Hemoglobin is the:

A

oxygen-carrying component of RBCs

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26
Q

True or False: The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio varies among healthy animals of different species.

A

True

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27
Q

True or False: In most institutions, a generic antibody test is performed as an initial screen to quickly identify which antibodies are present in the blood.

A

False

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28
Q

True or False: Serum should be stored at -18 to 0 °C.

A

False- -50 to -70 C

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29
Q

Serology is testing of serum for the presence or absence of:

A

antibodies

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30
Q

True or False: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a test used to quantify antibodies or antigens in the research laboratory.

A

True

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31
Q

True or False: Even at proper temperatures, serum samples cannot be used after 6 weeks of freezer storage.

A

False- at ultra-low temps serum can be stored indefinitely

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32
Q

True or False: Serum chemistry tests help the veterinarian determine which organ is affected in a sick animal.

A

True

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33
Q

What is indicated by the red top tubes usually used for serum chemistry testing?

A

the use of serum for testing

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34
Q

True or False: When measuring antibody titers, the lower the titer, the less antibody is present.

A

True

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35
Q

True or False: A higher urine specific gravity indicates that the urine is less concentrated.

A

False

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36
Q

True or False: The best way to obtain a sterile urine sample is to use a catheter inserted into the urethra of the animal.

A

False- cystocentesis

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37
Q

Paper strips used to evaluate urine samples are known as:

A

dipsticks or reagent strips

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38
Q

True or False: The measurement of specific gravity is expressed with no units (like mg or ml).

A

True- term of relative density

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39
Q

True or False: To examine the urinary sediments, the urine should be left undisturbed for several hours before being stained.

A

False

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40
Q

True of False: Urinalysis can aid in the diagnosis of diseases other than those of the urinary system.

A

True

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41
Q

True or False: Most bacteria can be identified based on their growth patterns on agar plates.

A

False

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42
Q

True or False: Microbial pathogens are usually identified after being inoculated into nutrient media and left to grow.

A

True

43
Q

Viruses can be cultured in what?

A

tissue or cell cultures

44
Q

True or False: Samples obtained for microbiological analyses should be treated with antibiotics before being inoculated on nutrient media.

A

False

45
Q

True or False: Fungal diseases cannot be diagnosed by culturing a sample because they don’t grow in culture.

A

False

46
Q

If a sample contains both bacteria and fungi, what will happen?

A

bacteria will grow faster than fungi

47
Q

Why can’t viruses be co-identified with bacteria if inoculated on the same agar plate?

A

viruses can’t grow on artificial media

48
Q

True or False: A case history is the complete list of findings obtained during necropsy.

A

False- findings up until necropsy

49
Q

What is the term for the examination of an animal after its death?

A

necropsy

50
Q

True or False: An examination of the animal’s cage should be part of the development of the case history of the animal being necropsied.

A

True

51
Q

To preserve tissues for further examination, what is the usual ratio of tissue to fixative used by weight?

A

1 to 50

52
Q

What items of personal protective equipment should be worn by personnel working with radiation?

A

film badge, thyroid shield, lead apron, lead gloves

53
Q

For a ventrodorsal view, which part of the animal do the X-rays strike first?

A

ventral

54
Q

True or False: Thermal control is important during diagnostic imaging to prevent the introduction of artifact.

A

True

55
Q

True or False: Contrast media are used to change the way organs are seen on a radiograph.

A

True

56
Q

What imaging technique allows the observation of metabolic processes as they occur?

A

Positron emission tomography

57
Q

During magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), what happens to the hydrogen atoms after they realign with the magnetic field?

A

They emit a radiofrequency wave that is recorded as an image.

58
Q

True or False: In bioluminescence, a fluorophore is oxidized and produces a light signal.

A

False- luciferin is oxidized and produces a light signal.

59
Q

True or False: X-rays cannot penetrate the body but the electrons they produce can.

A

False

60
Q

Fluorescent imaging may use a genetically modified animal to express a _______ that emits a colored light that can be used to measure biological changes.

A

fluorophore

61
Q

What technique allows real time moving images to be observed?

A

Fluoroscopy

62
Q

What imaging modality uses molecules that produce a certain light wavelength when exposed to ultraviolet light?

A

Fluorescence

63
Q

True or False: Dense areas of the body absorb the most X-rays.

A

True

64
Q

True or False: Fluorescence imaging is also known as fluoroscopy.

A

False

65
Q

True or False: Infrared radiation is emitted from all objects.

A

True

66
Q

Under which condition will viruses grow?

A

cell culture

67
Q

In what technique is the x-ray beam rotated 360° around the patient to allow precise location of lesions?

A

computed tomographgy

68
Q

Body cells secrete antibodies in reaction to what?

A

presence of an antigen

69
Q

Hemoglobin is the:

A

oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells.

70
Q

What method is most commonly used for the detection of pinworm species?

A

cellophane tape test

71
Q

To examine fur, what substance is used to prepare the glass slide?

A

mineral oil

72
Q

A white blood cell differential is also known as a:

A

leukogram

73
Q

By what method are most endoparasites detected?

A

fecal examination

74
Q

For a complete blood count, what substance is mixed with the whole blood sample?

A

anticoagulant

75
Q

During magnetic resonance imaging, what ions realign with the magnetic field?

A

hydrogen

76
Q

If there is a delay before the animal is necropsied, what is the best approach to preserve the body?

A

Refrigerate the animal’s body to prevent rapid decomposition.

77
Q

The buffy coat in the hematocrit tube can be collected and used to determine what?

A

morphology of WBCs

78
Q

Platelets are a source of what?

A

clotting factors

79
Q

What means to predict the outcome of a disease?

A

prognosis

80
Q

What is the primary evaluation procedure used to determine if an animal has ectoparasites?

A

gross visual exam

81
Q

Where are heartworms most often found in adult dogs?

A

pulmonary artery and right ventricle

82
Q

What diagnostic test is based on the fact that nematode larvae will accumulate at the bottom of a funnel?

A

fecal sedimentation

83
Q

yellow plasma

A

jaundice

84
Q

What can a low hematocrit indicate?

A

anemia

85
Q

Where are the white blood cells located in a hematocrit?

A

buffy coat

86
Q

The measurement obtained when you perform a hematocrit represents:

A

a percentage

87
Q

In most species, which type of white blood cells are the most numerous?

A

neutrophils/heterophils

88
Q

The presence of parasites and allergic reactions are two conditions that often cause an elevation in the numbers of which WBCs?

A

eosinophils

89
Q

What test gives information on blood cell morphology?

A

peripheral blood smear

90
Q

True or False: Clinical serum chemistries are tests that determine the chemical composition of the blood cells.

A

False

91
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

plasma is the noncellular portion of whole/unclotted blood, serum is the liquid obtained from clotted blood

92
Q

Skin of the mucus taken from an aquatic species under a microscope is known as:

A

wet mount

93
Q

True or False: The best way to obtain a sterile urine sample is to use a catheter inserted into the urethra of the animal.

A

False

94
Q

What can measuring an antibody titer give you information about?

A

active infection, past infections

95
Q

True or False: To examine urinary sediments, the urine should be left undisturbed for several hours before being stained.

A

False

96
Q

Why can’t viruses be co-identified with bacteria if inoculated on the same agar plate?

A

viruses do not grow on artificial media

97
Q

True or False: An examination of the animal’s cage should be part of the development of the case history of the animal being necropsied.

A

True

98
Q

Why should the carcasses of an animal never be frozen before necropsy?

A

formulation of ice crystals disrupts cell structures and makes tissue exam impossible

99
Q

True or False: X-rays can penetrate through most body tissues.

A

True

100
Q

True or False: Infrared radiation is emitted from all objects.

A

True

101
Q

In dorsoventral recumbency, which part of the animal do the X-rays strike first?

A

the back

102
Q

True or False: Physiological control is important during diagnostic imaging to prevent the introduction of artifact.

A

True

103
Q

What imaging method would be best to use to follow in real time the progress of a catheter from a peripheral blood vessel to the heart?

A

fluoroscopy

104
Q

What imaging technique uses a radioisotope to provide images of in vitro biological processes?

A

Positron emission tomography

LATG (24 decks)

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