LATG: Unit 2 Review Flashcards
1
Q
What best describes hemeoglobin?
A
a transport protein
2
Q
In circulating blood, cholesterol is attached to _____ in order to form ____.
A
proteins; lipoproteins
3
Q
What vitamins are fat soluble?
A
A, D, E, K
4
Q
In diabetes mellitus, there is an over production of what substance?
A
ketones
5
Q
Insufficient dietary fiber can cause what condition?
A
diarrhea, constipation, decreased mineral absorption
6
Q
In eukaryotes, the cell’s genetic information is contained in what structure?
A
chromosomes
7
Q
Where are haploid cells found?
A
gonads
8
Q
What can be observed most readily during the gross examination of an animal?
A
phenotype
9
Q
What are the 4 bases in RNA?
A
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
10
Q
What is the purpose of mitosis?
A
to provide for growth and replace worn out cells
11
Q
What are the base pairs in DNA?
A
Guanine-Cytosine and Adenine-Thymine
12
Q
What biomolecule carries the cell’s genetic information across the nuclear membrane?
A
mRNA
13
Q
Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein senthesis?
A
translation
14
Q
Restriction enzymes are used to _______ the DNA fragments.
A
cut
15
Q
What are restriction enzymes used for in molecular biology?
A
they allow scientists to cut the DNA into shorter fragments
16
Q
The PCR is used to:
A
clone the DNA fragments
17
Q
What best describes trangenesis?
A
the introduction of foreign DNA in the genome of an animal
18
Q
For producing gene-targeted animals, the dosage and timing of hormone injections to produce superovulation must take into consideration what?
A
the strain of the female donor
19
Q
What method is used to insert a foreign gene into the genome of an experimental animal?
A
pronuclear injection
20
Q
Chimeric mice are developed from what type of cell?
A
embryonic stem cell
21
Q
What is genotyping?
A
determining if a specific DNA fragment is present on the genome of an organism
22
Q
What portion of the offspring could you theoretically expect to be hemizygous for the transgene if you mate two hemizygous parents?
A
50%
23
Q
What is the term for a mouse in which some cells contain the transgene and some do not?
A
chimera
24
Q
What term describes an animal where the fragment of DNA inserted through gene-targeted technology prevents the gene from being expressed?
A
knockout
25
What best describes an allele?
one of a pair of genes
26
What are things that should be considered when designing a facility where genetic engineering will be the main focus?
noise, lighting, personnel changes
27
What type of animals receive a cocktail of known microorganisms?
axenic
28
When deriving axenic animals, microbiological monitoring should be conducted to make sure that ____ has not passed transpacentally to the pups?
Mycoplasma spp.
29
Among the animals considered to be gnotobiotes, which ones have a normal flora but are free of pathogens?
defined flora
30
What is a "Schaedler cocktail"?
a solution containing a variety of normal flora bacteria
31
When material is introduced into an isolator system, what is the supply cylinder attatched to?
the transfer sleeve
32
Why should existing pups be removed from the axenic foster mother before introducing new pups?
to ensure the genetic integrity of the mice
33
What enzyme works with gastric acid to break down protein in the digestive system?
Pepsin
34
What cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
35
What are the four bases found in DNA?
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
36
What of the following is a component of both RNA and DNA?
ribose
37
Cannibalism of new pups is a frequent problem in which mouse strain?
C57BL/6
38
The enzyme which is lacking in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) normally transforms the amino acid phenylalanine into what non-essential amino acid?
tyrosine
39
Ferrets and cats must have a diet containing which organic acid?
Taurine
40
Cryopreserved embryos and sperm are incubated in what substance?
liquid nitrogen
41
Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein synthesis?
Translation
42
What condition results from a deficiency of dietary vitamin C?
Scurvy
43
What proteins are biological catalysts which perform work of chemical reactions in cells?
Enzymes
44
What is a major advantage of flexible isolators compared to rigid isolators?
They are less expensive to manufacture.
45
Which carbohydrate classification is also known as starch?
polysaccharides
46
What best describes a peptide?
small protein
47
Steroids belong in which group of organic compounds?
lipids
48
What is the best age to genotype a mouse in order not to disturb the litter?
around weaning time
49
________ are the building blocks of proteins.
Amino Acids
50
What animal has a tongue that secretes lipase to digest fats and oils?
mouse
51
_______ allows lipids to be absorbed through the wall of the small intestine and used as energy in the body.
bile
52
In theory, what percentage of the offspring from two hemizygous parents inherit no copy of a transgene?
25%
53
The carbon bound to three hydrogens on one end of a fatty acid is called a _______ group.
methyl
54
Animals that are free from all demonstrable microorganisms are called:
axenic
55
What term is used for a DNA sequence obtained from bacteria?
Transposon
56
The deficiency of what essential micromineral results in impaired glucose metabolism?
chromium
57
In atherosclerosis what is deposited on the inner lining of blood vessels that restricts blood flow?
cholesterol
58
Organic acids consisting of a chain of hydrocarbons are __________.
fatty acids
59
Blood types are characterized by the carbohydrate portions of _______ on the surface of cells and the carbohydrate portion of serum _______.
glycolipids, glycoproteins
60
What is the term for a molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits which are linked together?
polymer
61
In what process does a eukaryotic cell nucleus split into two identical cells, followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells?
mitosis
62
What is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of starches and other polysaccharides?
amylase
63
What percentage of offspring will inherit the transgene if both parents are homozygous for the transgene?
100%
64
Why have laminar flow cabinets recently become more frequently used than isolators for maintaining gnotobiotic animals?
increased accessibility of animals
65
After collecting DNA, what step is done before cutting it into smaller fragments?
purifying it
66
Gnotobiotic animals require ________ to replace the vitamins broken down by autoclaving.
fortified feed
67
Approximately what percentage of the genes present in humans are also present in the mouse genome?
80%
68
Glucose converts to _______ for storage in the body.
glycogen
69
What process must some proteins synthesized in a cell undergo before they can fulfill their role in the cell?
Post-translational modification
70
What best describes genetic engineering?
Manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition
71
________ are the main constituents of animal fats.
Triglycerides
72
What best describes mRNA?
It carries the cell's genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
73
What is the weakest bond in DNA?
base-base
74
Diabetes results from the body's inability to regulate the use of ______ by cells.
glucose
75
Monogastric species are often referred to as:
cecal digesters
76
When does replication occur in mammalian cells?
before the cells divide
77
What is the process by which isolators prevent microorganisms from reaching the animals housed inside?
exclusion
78
For which function is RNA vital?
production of protein
79
In protein synthesis, during which step is messenger RNA formed?
the transcription of DNA
80
What protein carries oxygen to cells throughout the body?
hemoglobin
81
Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using which test?
Western Blot
82
What is a transgene?
The fragment of DNA that is introduced into the nucleus of a cell
83
Placing pups with a female other than the one who gave birth to them is called ________.
cross-fostering
84
In which process are germ cells produced?
meiosis
85
What carbohydrate is found in mammalian milk?
lactose
86
Using Western blot, what enables visualization of the protein?
antibodies
87
From what is the hormone prostaglandin derived?
lipids
88
Ketones are implicated in which disease?
diabetes mellitus
89
What compound does the body overproduce when fat stores are metabolized for energy?
ketones
90
If a genetically modified mouse is dying and cannot be saved, it is important to attempt to save which of the following?
gonads
91
On what characteristic are the two categories of dietary minerals (micro- and macrominerals) based?
Their biological importance
92
What technique allows a mouse strain to be taken "off the shelf" but still be available for use when needed?
cryopreservation
93
What term represents the hereditary information that is present in an animal?
genome
94
How long can embryos be surgically transferred to recipient mice?
until the embryos are 3.5 days old
95
In the pronuclear injection technique, some females are mated to vasectomized males to:
to induce pseudopregnancy
96
What best describes a mutation?
A permanent change in the DNA sequence in some or all of an animal's cells
97
What is the one base that differs in RNA as compared to DNA?
RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine.
98
How can the diet be changed to treat internal parasites?
add fenbendazole
99
Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm?
Transcription
100
The sheath around many nerves is called ________ .
myelin
101
What is added to a DNA sample to cut the DNA into smaller pieces?
enzymes
102
The process of constructing the desired genetic code in a laboratory and inserting it into a zygote or embryo during development is called:
genetic engineering
103
What statement best describes diploid cells?
Their chromosomes exist in pairs.
104
How has qPCR made environmental testing possible?
Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement.
105
What is the process by which isolators confine potentially harmful microorganisms within the system?
containment
106
Cloning DNA is accomplished by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by using:
Western blotting technique
107
For what purpose does the transfer sleeve of an isolator have nipples?
sterilant injection
108
Where does translation take place?
in the ribosomes
109
What hormone is not properly secreted or used in bodies with diabetes mellitus?
insulin
110
What is the process by which isolators prevent microorganisms from reaching the animals housed inside?
exclusion
111
An imbalance in the different types of lipoproteins (HDL versus LDL) is a major contributing factor in what disease?
Atherosclerosis
112
A fatty acid made up of carbons that are bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible is _______.
saturated
113
Enzymes are an example of what type of biochemical compound?
proteins
114
What carbohydrate serves as energy storage in animals?
glycogen
115
The most basic requirement for an isolator is that it must be:
impervious
116
What is the term for the stainless steel container in which materials and supplies are sterilized before placing in the isolator?
supply cylinder
117
To what does cholesterol attach that allows it to be transported in the blood?
protein
118
What is the ideal age range for stud males?
3-8 months
119
What is the term for the killing of all living organisms?
sterilization
120
What is the process by which enzymes replicate DNA through many cycles in a PCR machine?
amplification
121
An animal developed from a blastocyst injected with embryonic stem cells is known as a:
chimera
122
What is the product of transcription?
RNA
123
What biomolecule carries the cell's genetic information across the nuclear membrane?
mRNA
124
What are pronuclei?
The nuclei of the eggs shortly after fertilization
125
What is one way to change the laboratory animal diet to control gene expression in some genetically modified strains?
Addition of tetracycline
126
What is the sugar that is found in the DNA backbone?
deoxyribose
127
Carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharides are classified as:
Disaccharides
128
What breaks down dietary fiber?
bacteria
129
What best describes the term transgenesis?
The introduction of additional DNA into the genome of an animal
130
What must be checked to ensure that a bag of feed has stable vitamin content?
shelf life
131
What procedure determines the level of mRNA transcripts in a sample?
Quantitative RT-PCR
132
The deficiency of which essential micromineral results in bone abnormality and tooth decay?
Fluorine
133
What function does a transfer sleeve serve?
To connect the supply cylinder to the isolator entry port
134
In what process do diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo cell division?
meiosis
135
Which vitamins are required in lesser quantities in axenic animals?
A and E
136
The intestinal wall of axenic animals is _____________ than the intestinal wall of animals having a normal microflora.
thinner
137
What is the advantage of giving gnotobiotes a cocktail containing normal intestinal flora?
It serves to normalize the gut physiology and anatomy.
138
Which carbohydrates are made up of 3-10 linked monosaccharides?
oligosaccharide
139
What order of steps should be followed to produce gene-targeted animals?
Injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); mating with stud male; harvesting of embryo
140
If only one allele is mutated using CRISPR/Cas9, what is the resulting animal known as?
mosaic animal
141
What is another name for glucose?
dextrose
142
Using the pronuclear injection technique, what is the average percentage of offspring carrying the transgene?
20%
143
Why are foundation colonies generally maintained in the defined flora state instead of in the axenic state?
to optimize litter size
144
What carbohydrate is the primary source of energy used for metabolic processes?
glucose
145
What is the product of replication?
DNA
146
How would you classify a carbohydrate containing 5 saccharide units?
Oligosaccharide
147
What is a genome?
The hereditary information contained in the DNA
148
What carbohydrate is what is known as table sugar?
sucrose
149
Genetically engineered mice are often transported between institutions which often results in:
the need for more frequent sentinel testing.
150
Where does replication take place?
in the nucleus
151
A complex lipid that includes a carbohydrate portion is a _______ .
glycolipid
152
What is one way to change the laboratory animal diet to control gene expression in some genetically modified strains?
Addition of tetracycline
153
If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be:
hemizygous
154
Where does transcription take place?
in the nucleus
155
What best describes a congenic strain?
The result of backcrossing for 10 generations
156
What is the most abundant protein found in a mammal?
collagen
157
The introduction of an antibiotic resistance gene into a DNA fragment is used for what purpose?
It helps identify the cells that have integrated the transgene.
158
What carbohydrate consists of two glucose units bound together?
maltose
159
Animals that were originally germ-free but were given a known group of bacteria are called known as what type of animals?
defined flora
160
What best describes "alleles"?
copies of the same gene
161
Which type of fatty acid has one double bond between two carbons?
monounsaturated
162
What is a genetically engineered animal that has had one or more genes from its genome functionally removed?
knockout
163
Animals that have a normal intestinal flora but are free of particular organisms are called:
specific pathogen free
164
Which organelle uses information contained in the mRNA to connect amino acids and form a protein?
Ribosome
165
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:
clone DNA fragments
166
What is the goal of genotyping?
To determine if a specific DNA fragment is present in the genome of an organism
167
What is the product of translation?
protein
168
What is the tell-tale sign of a pregnant mouse?
bulging abdomen
169
Blood plasma that appears cloudy may be an indication of what condition or disease state?
lipemia
170
What group of organic compounds is a major component of plasma membranes?
lipids
171
What type of protein is typically intracellular and helps to turn on or off chemical reactions?
regulatory
172
What condition can newborns with phenylketonuria (PKU) develop?
mental retardation
173
What term refers to the thousands of microbial species that inhabit a specific host?
microbiome
174
What term is used for the cholesterol deposited on the inner lining of blood vessels?
plaque
175
What micromineral is an important component of Vitamin B12?
cobalt
176
How do restriction enzymes cut DNA in a sample into several smaller pieces?
They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites.
177
What process describes recovering a mouse line?
Frozen embryos are thawed and implanted in a pseudopregnant female.
178
The component parts of triglycerides are free fatty acids and __________ .
glycerol
179
Which carbohydrate can be digested only by some species, such as ungulates and lagomorphs?
cellulose
180
What is the chemical name of vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
181
What is a "Schaedler cocktail" or "altered Schaedler cocktail"?
A solution containing a variety of normal flora bacteria
