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LATG > LATG: Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

LATG: Unit 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What best describes hemeoglobin?

A

a transport protein

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2
Q

In circulating blood, cholesterol is attached to _____ in order to form ____.

A

proteins; lipoproteins

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3
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A, D, E, K

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4
Q

In diabetes mellitus, there is an over production of what substance?

A

ketones

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5
Q

Insufficient dietary fiber can cause what condition?

A

diarrhea, constipation, decreased mineral absorption

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6
Q

In eukaryotes, the cell’s genetic information is contained in what structure?

A

chromosomes

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7
Q

Where are haploid cells found?

A

gonads

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8
Q

What can be observed most readily during the gross examination of an animal?

A

phenotype

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9
Q

What are the 4 bases in RNA?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

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10
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

to provide for growth and replace worn out cells

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11
Q

What are the base pairs in DNA?

A

Guanine-Cytosine and Adenine-Thymine

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12
Q

What biomolecule carries the cell’s genetic information across the nuclear membrane?

A

mRNA

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13
Q

Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein senthesis?

A

translation

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14
Q

Restriction enzymes are used to _______ the DNA fragments.

A

cut

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15
Q

What are restriction enzymes used for in molecular biology?

A

they allow scientists to cut the DNA into shorter fragments

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16
Q

The PCR is used to:

A

clone the DNA fragments

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17
Q

What best describes trangenesis?

A

the introduction of foreign DNA in the genome of an animal

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18
Q

For producing gene-targeted animals, the dosage and timing of hormone injections to produce superovulation must take into consideration what?

A

the strain of the female donor

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19
Q

What method is used to insert a foreign gene into the genome of an experimental animal?

A

pronuclear injection

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20
Q

Chimeric mice are developed from what type of cell?

A

embryonic stem cell

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21
Q

What is genotyping?

A

determining if a specific DNA fragment is present on the genome of an organism

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22
Q

What portion of the offspring could you theoretically expect to be hemizygous for the transgene if you mate two hemizygous parents?

A

50%

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23
Q

What is the term for a mouse in which some cells contain the transgene and some do not?

A

chimera

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24
Q

What term describes an animal where the fragment of DNA inserted through gene-targeted technology prevents the gene from being expressed?

A

knockout

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25
Q

What best describes an allele?

A

one of a pair of genes

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26
Q

What are things that should be considered when designing a facility where genetic engineering will be the main focus?

A

noise, lighting, personnel changes

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27
Q

What type of animals receive a cocktail of known microorganisms?

A

axenic

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28
Q

When deriving axenic animals, microbiological monitoring should be conducted to make sure that ____ has not passed transpacentally to the pups?

A

Mycoplasma spp.

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29
Q

Among the animals considered to be gnotobiotes, which ones have a normal flora but are free of pathogens?

A

defined flora

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30
Q

What is a “Schaedler cocktail”?

A

a solution containing a variety of normal flora bacteria

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31
Q

When material is introduced into an isolator system, what is the supply cylinder attatched to?

A

the transfer sleeve

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32
Q

Why should existing pups be removed from the axenic foster mother before introducing new pups?

A

to ensure the genetic integrity of the mice

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33
Q

What enzyme works with gastric acid to break down protein in the digestive system?

A

Pepsin

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34
Q

What cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

A

ribosome

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35
Q

What are the four bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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36
Q

What of the following is a component of both RNA and DNA?

A

ribose

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37
Q

Cannibalism of new pups is a frequent problem in which mouse strain?

A

C57BL/6

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38
Q

The enzyme which is lacking in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) normally transforms the amino acid phenylalanine into what non-essential amino acid?

A

tyrosine

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39
Q

Ferrets and cats must have a diet containing which organic acid?

A

Taurine

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40
Q

Cryopreserved embryos and sperm are incubated in what substance?

A

liquid nitrogen

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41
Q

Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein synthesis?

A

Translation

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42
Q

What condition results from a deficiency of dietary vitamin C?

A

Scurvy

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43
Q

What proteins are biological catalysts which perform work of chemical reactions in cells?

A

Enzymes

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44
Q

What is a major advantage of flexible isolators compared to rigid isolators?

A

They are less expensive to manufacture.

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45
Q

Which carbohydrate classification is also known as starch?

A

polysaccharides

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46
Q

What best describes a peptide?

A

small protein

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47
Q

Steroids belong in which group of organic compounds?

A

lipids

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48
Q

What is the best age to genotype a mouse in order not to disturb the litter?

A

around weaning time

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49
Q

________ are the building blocks of proteins.

A

Amino Acids

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50
Q

What animal has a tongue that secretes lipase to digest fats and oils?

A

mouse

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51
Q

_______ allows lipids to be absorbed through the wall of the small intestine and used as energy in the body.

A

bile

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52
Q

In theory, what percentage of the offspring from two hemizygous parents inherit no copy of a transgene?

A

25%

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53
Q

The carbon bound to three hydrogens on one end of a fatty acid is called a _______ group.

A

methyl

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54
Q

Animals that are free from all demonstrable microorganisms are called:

A

axenic

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55
Q

What term is used for a DNA sequence obtained from bacteria?

A

Transposon

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56
Q

The deficiency of what essential micromineral results in impaired glucose metabolism?

A

chromium

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57
Q

In atherosclerosis what is deposited on the inner lining of blood vessels that restricts blood flow?

A

cholesterol

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58
Q

Organic acids consisting of a chain of hydrocarbons are __________.

A

fatty acids

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59
Q

Blood types are characterized by the carbohydrate portions of _______ on the surface of cells and the carbohydrate portion of serum _______.

A

glycolipids, glycoproteins

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60
Q

What is the term for a molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits which are linked together?

A

polymer

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61
Q

In what process does a eukaryotic cell nucleus split into two identical cells, followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells?

A

mitosis

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62
Q

What is an enzyme that aids in the digestion of starches and other polysaccharides?

A

amylase

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63
Q

What percentage of offspring will inherit the transgene if both parents are homozygous for the transgene?

A

100%

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64
Q

Why have laminar flow cabinets recently become more frequently used than isolators for maintaining gnotobiotic animals?

A

increased accessibility of animals

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65
Q

After collecting DNA, what step is done before cutting it into smaller fragments?

A

purifying it

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66
Q

Gnotobiotic animals require ________ to replace the vitamins broken down by autoclaving.

A

fortified feed

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67
Q

Approximately what percentage of the genes present in humans are also present in the mouse genome?

A

80%

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68
Q

Glucose converts to _______ for storage in the body.

A

glycogen

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69
Q

What process must some proteins synthesized in a cell undergo before they can fulfill their role in the cell?

A

Post-translational modification

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70
Q

What best describes genetic engineering?

A

Manipulating DNA molecules to alter their composition

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71
Q

________ are the main constituents of animal fats.

A

Triglycerides

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72
Q

What best describes mRNA?

A

It carries the cell’s genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

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73
Q

What is the weakest bond in DNA?

A

base-base

74
Q

Diabetes results from the body’s inability to regulate the use of ______ by cells.

A

glucose

75
Q

Monogastric species are often referred to as:

A

cecal digesters

76
Q

When does replication occur in mammalian cells?

A

before the cells divide

77
Q

What is the process by which isolators prevent microorganisms from reaching the animals housed inside?

A

exclusion

78
Q

For which function is RNA vital?

A

production of protein

79
Q

In protein synthesis, during which step is messenger RNA formed?

A

the transcription of DNA

80
Q

What protein carries oxygen to cells throughout the body?

A

hemoglobin

81
Q

Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using which test?

A

Western Blot

82
Q

What is a transgene?

A

The fragment of DNA that is introduced into the nucleus of a cell

83
Q

Placing pups with a female other than the one who gave birth to them is called ________.

A

cross-fostering

84
Q

In which process are germ cells produced?

A

meiosis

85
Q

What carbohydrate is found in mammalian milk?

A

lactose

86
Q

Using Western blot, what enables visualization of the protein?

A

antibodies

87
Q

From what is the hormone prostaglandin derived?

A

lipids

88
Q

Ketones are implicated in which disease?

A

diabetes mellitus

89
Q

What compound does the body overproduce when fat stores are metabolized for energy?

A

ketones

90
Q

If a genetically modified mouse is dying and cannot be saved, it is important to attempt to save which of the following?

A

gonads

91
Q

On what characteristic are the two categories of dietary minerals (micro- and macrominerals) based?

A

Their biological importance

92
Q

What technique allows a mouse strain to be taken “off the shelf” but still be available for use when needed?

A

cryopreservation

93
Q

What term represents the hereditary information that is present in an animal?

A

genome

94
Q

How long can embryos be surgically transferred to recipient mice?

A

until the embryos are 3.5 days old

95
Q

In the pronuclear injection technique, some females are mated to vasectomized males to:

A

to induce pseudopregnancy

96
Q

What best describes a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence in some or all of an animal’s cells

97
Q

What is the one base that differs in RNA as compared to DNA?

A

RNA has uracil where DNA has thymine.

98
Q

How can the diet be changed to treat internal parasites?

A

add fenbendazole

99
Q

Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm?

A

Transcription

100
Q

The sheath around many nerves is called ________ .

A

myelin

101
Q

What is added to a DNA sample to cut the DNA into smaller pieces?

A

enzymes

102
Q

The process of constructing the desired genetic code in a laboratory and inserting it into a zygote or embryo during development is called:

A

genetic engineering

103
Q

What statement best describes diploid cells?

A

Their chromosomes exist in pairs.

104
Q

How has qPCR made environmental testing possible?

A

Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement.

105
Q

What is the process by which isolators confine potentially harmful microorganisms within the system?

A

containment

106
Q

Cloning DNA is accomplished by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by using:

A

Western blotting technique

107
Q

For what purpose does the transfer sleeve of an isolator have nipples?

A

sterilant injection

108
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

in the ribosomes

109
Q

What hormone is not properly secreted or used in bodies with diabetes mellitus?

A

insulin

110
Q

What is the process by which isolators prevent microorganisms from reaching the animals housed inside?

A

exclusion

111
Q

An imbalance in the different types of lipoproteins (HDL versus LDL) is a major contributing factor in what disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

112
Q

A fatty acid made up of carbons that are bound to as many hydrogen atoms as possible is _______.

A

saturated

113
Q

Enzymes are an example of what type of biochemical compound?

A

proteins

114
Q

What carbohydrate serves as energy storage in animals?

A

glycogen

115
Q

The most basic requirement for an isolator is that it must be:

A

impervious

116
Q

What is the term for the stainless steel container in which materials and supplies are sterilized before placing in the isolator?

A

supply cylinder

117
Q

To what does cholesterol attach that allows it to be transported in the blood?

A

protein

118
Q

What is the ideal age range for stud males?

A

3-8 months

119
Q

What is the term for the killing of all living organisms?

A

sterilization

120
Q

What is the process by which enzymes replicate DNA through many cycles in a PCR machine?

A

amplification

121
Q

An animal developed from a blastocyst injected with embryonic stem cells is known as a:

A

chimera

122
Q

What is the product of transcription?

A

RNA

123
Q

What biomolecule carries the cell’s genetic information across the nuclear membrane?

A

mRNA

124
Q

What are pronuclei?

A

The nuclei of the eggs shortly after fertilization

125
Q

What is one way to change the laboratory animal diet to control gene expression in some genetically modified strains?

A

Addition of tetracycline

126
Q

What is the sugar that is found in the DNA backbone?

A

deoxyribose

127
Q

Carbohydrates made up of two monosaccharides are classified as:

A

Disaccharides

128
Q

What breaks down dietary fiber?

A

bacteria

129
Q

What best describes the term transgenesis?

A

The introduction of additional DNA into the genome of an animal

130
Q

What must be checked to ensure that a bag of feed has stable vitamin content?

A

shelf life

131
Q

What procedure determines the level of mRNA transcripts in a sample?

A

Quantitative RT-PCR

132
Q

The deficiency of which essential micromineral results in bone abnormality and tooth decay?

A

Fluorine

133
Q

What function does a transfer sleeve serve?

A

To connect the supply cylinder to the isolator entry port

134
Q

In what process do diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo cell division?

A

meiosis

135
Q

Which vitamins are required in lesser quantities in axenic animals?

A

A and E

136
Q

The intestinal wall of axenic animals is _____________ than the intestinal wall of animals having a normal microflora.

A

thinner

137
Q

What is the advantage of giving gnotobiotes a cocktail containing normal intestinal flora?

A

It serves to normalize the gut physiology and anatomy.

138
Q

Which carbohydrates are made up of 3-10 linked monosaccharides?

A

oligosaccharide

139
Q

What order of steps should be followed to produce gene-targeted animals?

A

Injection of superovulating hormone (PMSG); injection of egg-releasing hormone (hCG); mating with stud male; harvesting of embryo

140
Q

If only one allele is mutated using CRISPR/Cas9, what is the resulting animal known as?

A

mosaic animal

141
Q

What is another name for glucose?

A

dextrose

142
Q

Using the pronuclear injection technique, what is the average percentage of offspring carrying the transgene?

A

20%

143
Q

Why are foundation colonies generally maintained in the defined flora state instead of in the axenic state?

A

to optimize litter size

144
Q

What carbohydrate is the primary source of energy used for metabolic processes?

A

glucose

145
Q

What is the product of replication?

A

DNA

146
Q

How would you classify a carbohydrate containing 5 saccharide units?

A

Oligosaccharide

147
Q

What is a genome?

A

The hereditary information contained in the DNA

148
Q

What carbohydrate is what is known as table sugar?

A

sucrose

149
Q

Genetically engineered mice are often transported between institutions which often results in:

A

the need for more frequent sentinel testing.

150
Q

Where does replication take place?

A

in the nucleus

151
Q

A complex lipid that includes a carbohydrate portion is a _______ .

A

glycolipid

152
Q

What is one way to change the laboratory animal diet to control gene expression in some genetically modified strains?

A

Addition of tetracycline

153
Q

If a transgene is integrated in one of the chromosomes of a pair, the animal is said to be:

A

hemizygous

154
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

in the nucleus

155
Q

What best describes a congenic strain?

A

The result of backcrossing for 10 generations

156
Q

What is the most abundant protein found in a mammal?

A

collagen

157
Q

The introduction of an antibiotic resistance gene into a DNA fragment is used for what purpose?

A

It helps identify the cells that have integrated the transgene.

158
Q

What carbohydrate consists of two glucose units bound together?

A

maltose

159
Q

Animals that were originally germ-free but were given a known group of bacteria are called known as what type of animals?

A

defined flora

160
Q

What best describes “alleles”?

A

copies of the same gene

161
Q

Which type of fatty acid has one double bond between two carbons?

A

monounsaturated

162
Q

What is a genetically engineered animal that has had one or more genes from its genome functionally removed?

A

knockout

163
Q

Animals that have a normal intestinal flora but are free of particular organisms are called:

A

specific pathogen free

164
Q

Which organelle uses information contained in the mRNA to connect amino acids and form a protein?

A

Ribosome

165
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:

A

clone DNA fragments

166
Q

What is the goal of genotyping?

A

To determine if a specific DNA fragment is present in the genome of an organism

167
Q

What is the product of translation?

A

protein

168
Q

What is the tell-tale sign of a pregnant mouse?

A

bulging abdomen

169
Q

Blood plasma that appears cloudy may be an indication of what condition or disease state?

A

lipemia

170
Q

What group of organic compounds is a major component of plasma membranes?

A

lipids

171
Q

What type of protein is typically intracellular and helps to turn on or off chemical reactions?

A

regulatory

172
Q

What condition can newborns with phenylketonuria (PKU) develop?

A

mental retardation

173
Q

What term refers to the thousands of microbial species that inhabit a specific host?

A

microbiome

174
Q

What term is used for the cholesterol deposited on the inner lining of blood vessels?

A

plaque

175
Q

What micromineral is an important component of Vitamin B12?

A

cobalt

176
Q

How do restriction enzymes cut DNA in a sample into several smaller pieces?

A

They bind at specific base pair sequences and cut the DNA at those sites.

177
Q

What process describes recovering a mouse line?

A

Frozen embryos are thawed and implanted in a pseudopregnant female.

178
Q

The component parts of triglycerides are free fatty acids and __________ .

A

glycerol

179
Q

Which carbohydrate can be digested only by some species, such as ungulates and lagomorphs?

A

cellulose

180
Q

What is the chemical name of vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic acid

181
Q

What is a “Schaedler cocktail” or “altered Schaedler cocktail”?

A

A solution containing a variety of normal flora bacteria

LATG (24 decks)

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