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LATG > LATG 09: Molecular Biology > Flashcards

LATG 09: Molecular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What can be observed most readily during the gross examination of an animal?

A

phenotype

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2
Q

What is the term for the genetic make-up of an organism?

A

genotype

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3
Q

Where is the eukaryotic cell’s genetic information stored?

A

in the chromosomes

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4
Q

True or False: There are many genes in a chromosome.

A

True

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5
Q

What is the sugar that is found in the DNA backbone?

A

Deoxyribose

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6
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

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7
Q

What base pairs of DNA can be paired together?

A

Adenine–Thymine, Cytosine-Guanine

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8
Q

What is the product of replication?

A

DNA

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9
Q

What does the word “mitosis” mean?

A

threads

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10
Q

How do the number of chromosomes in the ovum and sperm compare to that found in the parent cell?

A

The parent cell contains twice as many as the ovum and sperm.

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11
Q

True or False: A zygote’s chromosomes are inherited from either the mother or the father.

A

False- half from both

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12
Q

In mitosis, what do the chromosomes do after replicating in order to split into daughter cells?

A

pair up

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13
Q

Where does replication take place?

A

in the nucleus

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14
Q

In which process are germ cells produced?

A

meiosis

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15
Q

True or False: Meiosis produces four different haploid daughter cells.

A

True

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16
Q

True or False: The haploid daughter cells produced in meiosis are identical.

A

False

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17
Q

True or False: A zygote is a diploid cell.

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: The diploid daughter cells produced in mitosis are identical.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the product of translation?

A

protein

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20
Q

Which cellular organelle is the site of protein synthesis?

A

ribosome

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21
Q

Which process must some proteins synthesized in a cell undergo before they can fulfill their role in the cell?

A

post-translational modification

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22
Q

Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm?

A

transcription

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23
Q

Transfer RNA is involved in which step of protein synthesis?

A

Translation

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24
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

in the nucleus

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25
Q

Electrophoresis is a technique used to___________ the DNA fragments.

A

separate

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26
Q

The process of constructing the desired genetic code in a laboratory and inserting it into a zygote or embryo during development is called:

A

genetic engineering

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27
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:

A

clone DNA fragments

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28
Q

What is added to a DNA sample to cut the DNA into smaller pieces?

A

enzymes

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29
Q

What does “cloning DNA” mean?

A

making exact copies of DNA segments

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30
Q

What procedure determines the level of mRNA transcripts in a sample?

A

Quantitative RT-PCR

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31
Q

How has qPCR made environmental testing possible?

A

Only a tiny amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement.

32
Q

Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using which test?

A

Western Blot

33
Q

Using Western blot, what enables visualization of the protein?

A

antibodies

34
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

in the ribosome

35
Q

In which process do diploid cells in the ovaries and testes undergo cell division?

A

meiosis

36
Q

In which process does a eukaryotic cell nucleus split into two identical cells, followed by the division of the parent cell into two daughter cells?

A

mitosis

37
Q

What biomolecule carries the cell’s genetic information across the nuclear membrane?

A

mRNA

38
Q

How has qPCR made environmental testing possible?

A

only a small amount of RNA is needed for a valid measurement

39
Q

Which process enables a cell to read genetic code in the nucleus to make protein in the cytoplasm?

A

transcription

40
Q

Cloning DNA is accomplished by either polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by using:

A

bacteria

41
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to:

A

clone DNA fragments

42
Q

For which function is RNA vital?

A

production of protein

43
Q

How many copies of each chromosome does a haploid cell have?

A

1

44
Q

In protein synthesis, during which step is messenger RNA formed?

A

the transcription of DNA

45
Q

What is the product of replication?

A

DNA

46
Q

What is the weakest bond in a DNA helix?

A

base-base

47
Q

What are the four bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

48
Q

What is the process by which enzymes replicate DNA through many cycles in a PCR machine?

A

amplification

49
Q

What is the process by which enzymes replicate DNA through many cycles in a PCR machine?

A

amplification

50
Q

What is the term for a molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits which are linked together?

A

polymer

51
Q

What is the term for a molecule that is composed of a series of chemical subunits which are linked together?

A

polymer

52
Q

What best describes a mutation?

A

A permanent change in the DNA sequence in some or all of an animal’s cells

53
Q

What is the product of transcription

A

RNA

54
Q

What is a gene?

A

a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

55
Q

The actual physical or behavioral characteristics of an organism

A

Phenotype

56
Q

Cells that have single chromosomes not paired

A

haploid

57
Q

a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

A

mutation

58
Q

cells that have chromosomes that are paired

A

diploid

59
Q

the genetic makeup of an organism

A

genotype

60
Q

The number of diploid cells of mice is estimated to be about ________.

A

30,000

61
Q

A molecule composed of a series of chemical subunits that are linked together is called:

A

polymer

62
Q

What are the 3 components of a neucleotide?

A

a sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, a phosphate group

63
Q

What are the 4 bases found in DNA?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

64
Q

Which base is paired with adenine in a DNA molecule?

A

thymine

65
Q

Which base is paired with guanine in a DNA molecule?

A

cytosine

66
Q

What are the 3 major differences between the structure and chemical makeup of DNA and RNA?

A

the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose where as the sugar in RNA is ribose, in eukaryotes DNA is double stranded whereas RNA is single stranded, the DNA base is thymine whereas in RNA it is uracil

67
Q

What is the product of replication?

A

DNA

68
Q

What is the product of transcription?

A

RNA

69
Q

What is the product of translation?

A

protein

70
Q

Where does replication take place?

A

in the nucleus

71
Q

What describes mRNA?

A

it carries the cell’s genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

72
Q

Proteins can be detected in a biological sample using ________ test.

A

western blot

73
Q

What technique is used to clone DNA?

A

polymerase chain reaction

74
Q

_________ is the process in which eukaryotic cell nucleus splits into 2 identical cells.

A

Mitosis

75
Q

_________ is a form of cell division that ovaries and testes undergo during the process of sexual reproduction.

A

Meiosis

LATG (24 decks)

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