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POD MED I > LAB TESTS AND VALUES HIGH YIELD > Flashcards

LAB TESTS AND VALUES HIGH YIELD Flashcards

1
Q

why do we obtain tests?

A 
rule out or confirm diagnosis
screening
provide baseline
monitoring therapy
monitoring homestatic functions
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2
Q

common reasons to obtain tests?

A

infection
suspicions of systemic diseases
monitor disease progression
pre-operative testing

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3
Q

considerations for ordering tests?

A 
benefit of information obtained
cost/insurance
location of test
amount of time to obtain results
risk to patients
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4
Q

what are the types of tests?

A

culture swabs
specimen
aspirate fluid
blood sample

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5
Q

general interpretation of results?

A

normal

abnormal

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6
Q

direct shift indicates?

A

pathological, disease state

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7
Q

indirect shift indicates?

A

non-pathological

  • metabolic
  • medications
  • non pathological factors
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8
Q

interpretation of values are dependent on?

A 
sex
age
race
time of day
error
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9
Q

sources of error?

A 
sample contamination
sample handling
amount of sample
lab error
performance of test
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10
Q

how reliable is lab testing?

A

must meet stringent standards of statistical reliability

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11
Q

what are the cornerstones of reliability? what can happen in the test performances as a result?

A

accuracy and precision

sensitivity and specificity

false negative, false positive

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12
Q

what are the office tests?

A 
random glucose finger stick
KOH/fungal culture
woods light examination
biopsies
culture swab
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13
Q

name this stain:

highly sensitive (few false negative tests) but rarely organism specific

dry or formalin

A

PAS

periodic acid-schiff reaction

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14
Q

name this stain:

in tandem with PAS, highest sensitivity, but not organism specific.

dry or formalin

A

gomori ntethenamine silver, silver based stain

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15
Q

name this stain:

adds specificity and screens for pigmented lesions within nail matrix

dry or formalin

A

fontana masson stain, silver based

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16
Q

name this stain:

augments the superior sensitivity of PAS/GMS by providing high specificity (organism ID) for targeted patient therapy

dry only

A

molecular genetic testing (PCR Assay)

17
Q

how do we properly assess lesions?

A

ABCDE

asymmetry
border
color
diameter
evolving
18
Q

what culture swabs are used as specimens for testing?

A

gram stain

culture and sensitivity

19
Q

what are the common laboratory tests?

A 
hematogic
urinalysis
renal function
coagulation
liver fxn
chemistries
-electrolytes 
-metabolites
-hormones
-enzymes
other
-ESR/CRP
20
Q

what are the common panel tests?

A

CBC w or w/o differential
basic metabolic panel (BMP)
comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
urinanalysis (UA)

21
Q

what are the hematologic tests?

A 
blood composition
RBC
WBC
granulocytes
agranulocytes
platelets 
CBC w and w/o differential 
hemoglobin (Hgb)
hematocrit (Hct)
mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
macrocytic anemia 
microcytic anemia
mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
red blood cell distribution width (RDW)
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
CRP
Hemoglobin A1c
22
Q

WBCs consist of?

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

23
Q

what are the granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

24
Q

what are the agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

25
Q

what does the complete blood count consist of?

A 
RBC
WBC
platelet
Hgb
Hct
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW
26
Q

what is the increased production of RBC called?

  • decreased destruction
  • increased demands
A

polycythemia

27
Q

what is the effect of decreased production of RBC called?

A

increased destruction
blood loss
deficiencies in production

28
Q

increased WBC is called?

A

leukocytosis

bacterial infection
foreign substance

29
Q

decreased WBC is called?

A

leukopenia

viral infection
bone marrow deficiency

30
Q

increased platelet count?

A

thrombocytosis

31
Q

decreased platelet count?

A

thrombocytopenia

32
Q

what is this hematologic test?

oxygen carrying compound contained in RBC

index of oxygen carrying capacity

male: 18-27 g/dl
female: 12-16 g/dl

evaluates anemias

A

hemoglobin (Hgb)

33
Q

what are the chemistry tests?

A 
basic metabolic panel (BMP)
creatinine
creatinine clearance
Blood urea nitrogen
comprehensive metabolic panel
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
aspartate amino transferase (AST)
bilirubin
34
Q

what are the two types of clotting pathways?

A

extrinsic

intrinsic

35
Q

prothrombin time (PT)
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
International normalized ration (INR)

these are measures of?

A

blood coagulation

36
Q

what are the contents of urinalysis?

A 
appearance 
pH
specific gravity
protein 
ketones
glucose
microscopic exam
37
Q

synovial fluid analysis uses what kind of test?

A

arthrocentesis

38
Q

what is the most valuable test in rheumatology?

A

arthrocentesis

39
Q

this is indicated for all undiagnosed arthritis?

A

synovial fluid analysis

POD MED I (60 decks)

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