LAB TESTS AND VALUES HIGH YIELD Flashcards
why do we obtain tests?
rule out or confirm diagnosis screening provide baseline monitoring therapy monitoring homestatic functions
common reasons to obtain tests?
infection
suspicions of systemic diseases
monitor disease progression
pre-operative testing
considerations for ordering tests?
benefit of information obtained cost/insurance location of test amount of time to obtain results risk to patients
what are the types of tests?
culture swabs
specimen
aspirate fluid
blood sample
general interpretation of results?
normal
abnormal
direct shift indicates?
pathological, disease state
indirect shift indicates?
non-pathological
- metabolic
- medications
- non pathological factors
interpretation of values are dependent on?
sex age race time of day error
sources of error?
sample contamination sample handling amount of sample lab error performance of test
how reliable is lab testing?
must meet stringent standards of statistical reliability
what are the cornerstones of reliability? what can happen in the test performances as a result?
accuracy and precision
sensitivity and specificity
false negative, false positive
what are the office tests?
random glucose finger stick KOH/fungal culture woods light examination biopsies culture swab
name this stain:
highly sensitive (few false negative tests) but rarely organism specific
dry or formalin
PAS
periodic acid-schiff reaction
name this stain:
in tandem with PAS, highest sensitivity, but not organism specific.
dry or formalin
gomori ntethenamine silver, silver based stain
name this stain:
adds specificity and screens for pigmented lesions within nail matrix
dry or formalin
fontana masson stain, silver based
name this stain:
augments the superior sensitivity of PAS/GMS by providing high specificity (organism ID) for targeted patient therapy
dry only
molecular genetic testing (PCR Assay)
how do we properly assess lesions?
ABCDE
asymmetry border color diameter evolving
what culture swabs are used as specimens for testing?
gram stain
culture and sensitivity
what are the common laboratory tests?
hematogic urinalysis renal function coagulation liver fxn chemistries -electrolytes -metabolites -hormones -enzymes other -ESR/CRP
what are the common panel tests?
CBC w or w/o differential
basic metabolic panel (BMP)
comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)
urinanalysis (UA)
what are the hematologic tests?
blood composition RBC WBC granulocytes agranulocytes platelets CBC w and w/o differential hemoglobin (Hgb) hematocrit (Hct) mean corpuscular volume (MCV) macrocytic anemia microcytic anemia mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) red blood cell distribution width (RDW) neutrophils eosinophils basophils lymphocytes monocytes erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) CRP Hemoglobin A1c
WBCs consist of?
granulocytes
agranulocytes
what are the granulocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
what are the agranulocytes?
lymphocytes
monocytes
what does the complete blood count consist of?
RBC WBC platelet Hgb Hct MCV MCH MCHC RDW
what is the increased production of RBC called?
- decreased destruction
- increased demands
polycythemia
what is the effect of decreased production of RBC called?
increased destruction
blood loss
deficiencies in production
increased WBC is called?
leukocytosis
bacterial infection
foreign substance
decreased WBC is called?
leukopenia
viral infection
bone marrow deficiency
increased platelet count?
thrombocytosis
decreased platelet count?
thrombocytopenia
what is this hematologic test?
oxygen carrying compound contained in RBC
index of oxygen carrying capacity
male: 18-27 g/dl
female: 12-16 g/dl
evaluates anemias
hemoglobin (Hgb)
what are the chemistry tests?
basic metabolic panel (BMP) creatinine creatinine clearance Blood urea nitrogen comprehensive metabolic panel alanine aminotransferase (ALT) aspartate amino transferase (AST) bilirubin
what are the two types of clotting pathways?
extrinsic
intrinsic
prothrombin time (PT)
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
International normalized ration (INR)
these are measures of?
blood coagulation
what are the contents of urinalysis?
appearance pH specific gravity protein ketones glucose microscopic exam
synovial fluid analysis uses what kind of test?
arthrocentesis
what is the most valuable test in rheumatology?
arthrocentesis
this is indicated for all undiagnosed arthritis?
synovial fluid analysis
