kin 146 midterm 5 Flashcards
What is secondary deficiency caused by and which assessment method reveal these changes
caused by problem inside the body (doesn’t absorb enough or excretes too much nutrients)
- revealed in clinical examination
What is primary deficiency and which assessment method reveals these changes
caused by inadequate diet
- revealed in diet information
Subclinical deficiency and which assessment method reveals these changes
in early stages before outward signs have appeared
- biochemical analyses
Which assessment method can be used to detect physical signs and symptoms
clinical examination and antrhopometric measurement
Anthropometry (what does it measure and why)
- measures weight, height, BMI , circumferences
- because body composition and development, for growth, nutritio status
- detect after symptoms appear
- dexa, hydrodensitometry, bioelectric impedence
Biochemical analyses
Detection of deficiency, imbalance , toxicity from blood and urine samples
Best used to uncover early signs of malnutrition
Clinical examination:
Gathering information from a person’s medial record with respect to their health status, socioecominc status, drug use, conducting. Nutrition focused physical examination
Direct diet assessment
chemical analysis, aliquots or duplicate portions; very accurate and ‘actual’ intake but may not be ‘usual’
Indirect diet assessment
- self report
- length,burden
- qualitative (food frequency questionnaires)
Challenges with indirect mehtods
- accuracy of portions
- accuracy of nutrient analysis software
- mix of actual and usual intake
Multiple-pass method for 24 hour recall
- single day, guided interview 30-45 minutes
- 4 or 5 passes of the daily intake
- determine if intake ‘typical’
Food records
- write down all food consumed
- done at time of consumption to reduce recall error
- Types and amounts, how prepared, where consumed
- reported or weighted
- issues of burden, accuracy, compliance
issues with food frequency questionnaire
- tend to based on large cohort studies
- length impacts quality
- portion size
- frequency may be several categories or few
- requires mental gymnastics
Diet history
- detailed account to food habits
- examines 24 hour recall - recent intake
- identifies usual food choices
Examples of indices
- healthy eating index
- nutritional risk index
- prognostic inflammatory nutritional index
- bmi
Examples of equations
- Harris benedict to estimate energy needs
- HBE - basal/resting metabolic rate
Observational research
- cross-sectional
- cohort
- case-control
- quantifies the exposure and outcome
- identify prevalence, associations
Important considerations in experiemntal studies
- randomization
- sample size
- use of an appropriate placebo
- double blind
- replication
Antigens
Foreign substances that get past skin, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract
White blood cells: phagocytes
- scavengers; engulf antigen and digest it
- secrete cytokines that activate metabolic and immune response to infection
- neutrophils - most common type of WBC
- Marcophages - larger, engulf larger antigens
White blood cells: lymphocytes B cells
rapidly divide and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
- inactivate antigen, remember for next exposure
White blood cells: lymphocytes T cells
go to site of antigen, release chemical to destroy antigen; release signals to slow down immune response when infection controlled
- specific to an antigen
- some serve as memory cells for future use
What are nutrients needed for
- maintenance of WBC
- production of cytokines
- production of antibodies
- cell multiplication
- free radical generation
- active process of stopping the immune response
Purpose of acute inflammation
- fight infection
- release oxidative products
- remove damaged tissue
