kin 146 midterm 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is secondary deficiency caused by and which assessment method reveal these changes

A

caused by problem inside the body (doesn’t absorb enough or excretes too much nutrients)
- revealed in clinical examination

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2
Q

What is primary deficiency and which assessment method reveals these changes

A

caused by inadequate diet
- revealed in diet information

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3
Q

Subclinical deficiency and which assessment method reveals these changes

A

in early stages before outward signs have appeared
- biochemical analyses

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4
Q

Which assessment method can be used to detect physical signs and symptoms

A

clinical examination and antrhopometric measurement

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5
Q

Anthropometry (what does it measure and why)

A
  • measures weight, height, BMI , circumferences
  • because body composition and development, for growth, nutritio status
  • detect after symptoms appear
  • dexa, hydrodensitometry, bioelectric impedence
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6
Q

Biochemical analyses

A

Detection of deficiency, imbalance , toxicity from blood and urine samples

Best used to uncover early signs of malnutrition

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7
Q

Clinical examination:

A

Gathering information from a person’s medial record with respect to their health status, socioecominc status, drug use, conducting. Nutrition focused physical examination

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7
Q

Direct diet assessment

A

chemical analysis, aliquots or duplicate portions; very accurate and ‘actual’ intake but may not be ‘usual’

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7
Q

Indirect diet assessment

A
  • self report
  • length,burden
  • qualitative (food frequency questionnaires)
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8
Q

Challenges with indirect mehtods

A
  • accuracy of portions
  • accuracy of nutrient analysis software
  • mix of actual and usual intake
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9
Q

Multiple-pass method for 24 hour recall

A
  • single day, guided interview 30-45 minutes
  • 4 or 5 passes of the daily intake
  • determine if intake ‘typical’
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10
Q

Food records

A
  • write down all food consumed
  • done at time of consumption to reduce recall error
  • Types and amounts, how prepared, where consumed
  • reported or weighted
  • issues of burden, accuracy, compliance
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11
Q

issues with food frequency questionnaire

A
  • tend to based on large cohort studies
  • length impacts quality
  • portion size
  • frequency may be several categories or few
  • requires mental gymnastics
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12
Q

Diet history

A
  • detailed account to food habits
  • examines 24 hour recall - recent intake
  • identifies usual food choices
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13
Q

Examples of indices

A
  • healthy eating index
  • nutritional risk index
  • prognostic inflammatory nutritional index
  • bmi
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14
Q

Examples of equations

A
  • Harris benedict to estimate energy needs
  • HBE - basal/resting metabolic rate
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15
Q

Observational research

A
  • cross-sectional
  • cohort
  • case-control
  • quantifies the exposure and outcome
  • identify prevalence, associations
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16
Q

Important considerations in experiemntal studies

A
  • randomization
  • sample size
  • use of an appropriate placebo
  • double blind
  • replication
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17
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that get past skin, mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract

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18
Q

White blood cells: phagocytes

A
  • scavengers; engulf antigen and digest it
  • secrete cytokines that activate metabolic and immune response to infection
  • neutrophils - most common type of WBC
  • Marcophages - larger, engulf larger antigens
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19
Q

White blood cells: lymphocytes B cells

A

rapidly divide and produce antibodies (immunoglobulins)
- inactivate antigen, remember for next exposure

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20
Q

White blood cells: lymphocytes T cells

A

go to site of antigen, release chemical to destroy antigen; release signals to slow down immune response when infection controlled

  • specific to an antigen
  • some serve as memory cells for future use
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21
Q

What are nutrients needed for

A
  • maintenance of WBC
  • production of cytokines
  • production of antibodies
  • cell multiplication
  • free radical generation
  • active process of stopping the immune response
22
Q

Purpose of acute inflammation

A
  • fight infection
  • release oxidative products
  • remove damaged tissue
23
Q

Results of chronic inflammation

A
  • cytokines
  • free radicals
  • blood clottign factors
  • chronic disease
24
Q

Leading cause of death in canada and what are its components?

A

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)
- includes hypertension (HTN)
- atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
- congestive heart failure

25
Q

What is the most common manifestation of CVD

A

atherosclerosis

26
Q

Aneurysm

A

an abnormal enlargement or bulging of a blood vessel (an artery) caused by damage to or weakness in the blood vessel

27
Q

angina

A

painful feeling of tightness or pressure in and around the heart, often radiating to the back, neck, jaw, arms
- lack of oxygen to heart

28
Q

atherosclerosis

A

type of artery disease formed by plaques along the inner walls of the arteries

29
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

damage that occurs when blood vessels carrying blood to the heart become narrow and occluded

30
Q

CHD risk equivalents

A

disorders that raise the risk of heart attacks, strokes, other complications associated with cardiovascular disease to the same degree as existing CHD

31
Q

embolism

A

the obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus - a travelling clot - causing sudden tissue death

32
Q

heart attack / myocardial infarction

A

sudden tissue death caused by blockages of vessels that feed the heart muscle

33
Q

Hypertension

A

higher than normal blood pressure

34
Q

plaque

A

accumulation of fatty deposits, smooth muscle cells, calcium, and fibrous connective tissue that develops in the artery walls in athersclerosis

35
Q

Stroke

A

an event in which the blood flow to a part of the brain is cut off

36
Q

thrombosis

A

blood clot that obstruct blood vessel

37
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

temporary reduction in blood flow to the brain (light headedness, visual disturbances, paralysis)

38
Q

Describe the prior steps that led to congestive heart failure

A
  • Athersclerosis
  • Hypertension
  • Myocardial infarction/stroke
  • Congestive heart failure
39
Q

components of the DASH diet

A
  • sodium to less than 2300 mg
  • increase: potassium, calcium, magnesium, fibre, protein
40
Q

Type 1 diabetes (less common type_

A

Pancreas loses ability to synthesize insulin

Autoimmune disorder; immune cells mistakenly attack and destroy insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas

No insulin is available to allow any glucose to enter the cells

Recommendation: maintaining optimal nutrition status

Diagnosed before the age of 25

Always require insulin therapy

41
Q

Type 2 diabetes (most relevant)

A

Insulin resistance, reduced sensitivity to insulin

Muscle and adipose cells cannot remove glucose from the blood – blood glucose remains elevated

Some glucose enters the cells

Recommendations: 5-10 % of body weight weight loss

Associated with obesity, aging, genetics

42
Q

How can drugs alter nutrient absorption

A
  • damage intestinal mucosa
  • change stomach acidity
  • bind nutrients (both can be ineffective)
  • transport into mucosal cells (compete for transport)
43
Q

Haw can drugs alter metabolism

A
  • share similar enzyme systems (enhance or inhibit those needed for nutrient use
44
Q

How can drugs alter excretion

A

urine production, dec nutrient reabsorption at kidney

45
Q

How can diet affect absorption of drugs

A
  • absp at top of small intestine
  • stomach emptying rate
  • acidity
  • nutrients, phytates, fibre bind
  • fat may promote some lipophilic drugs
46
Q

How can diet affect metabolism of drugs

A
  • some foods interfere with enzymes needed to metabolize drug
  • affect activity of drug
47
Q

How can diet affect excretion of drug

A
  • alter drug reabsorption by kidney
  • urin acidity
48
Q

Alternative medicine

A

when used instead of conventional

49
Q

complementary medicine

A

when used alongside conventional

50
Q

integrative medicine

A

combines conventional and complementary where there is good evidence

51
Q

what foods can cause colon cancer

A

red meat, processed meat

52
Q

what cancers can alcohol cause

A
  • upper GI cancer
  • head, neck, breast, colon, liver
53
Q

What causes GI cancer

A

alcohol
- heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons