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Term 2! > BIOL 273 - Unit 1 > Flashcards

BIOL 273 - Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

Study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts

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2
Q

Key concepts/themes important in understanding physiology

A
  • Structure and function
  • Biological energy
  • Information flow
  • Homeostasis
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3
Q

Organizational levels from smallest to largest

A
  1. Chemical - atoms and molecules
  2. Cellular - neuron, lymphocyte
  3. Tissue - collection of cells (connective)
  4. Organ -structural unit made of tissues (heart)
  5. Organ system - integrated group of organs
  6. Organism - individual form of life
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4
Q

Cells are held together by cell junctions…

A

anchoring junctions, gap junctions, tight junctions

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5
Q

There are four primary tissue types in the human body

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle and neural

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6
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • protect the internal environment of the individual
  • regulate exchange of material between environments
  • epithelia consist of oneor more layers connected with basal lamina
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7
Q

Five types of epithelia

A
  1. Exchange - rapid exchange of material
  2. Ciliated - line airways and female reproductive tract
  3. Secretory - synthesize and release products into external
  4. Transporting - selective transport of material
  5. Protective - found on surface of the body
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8
Q

Connective tissue

A

provides structural supprot and barriers
- extensive ECM containing proteoglycans, collagen, elastin and fibronectin

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9
Q

Five types of connective tissue

A
  1. Loose (elastic tissue)
  2. Dense (strength the primary function)
  3. Adipose (contains adipocytes)
  4. Blood (watery matrix lacking insoluble protein fibers)
  5. Supporting (dense substances)
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10
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Ability to contract to produce force and movement

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11
Q

Three types of muscle

A
  1. Skeletal (responsible for gross body movement)
  2. Smooth (Responsible for influencing the movement of substances into/out of/within the body)
  3. Cardiac (Found only in the heart, contraction moves blood through the body)
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12
Q

Neural connective tissue

A

Carry information from one part of the body to another
- Very little ECM in neural tissue

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13
Q

Two types of neural tissue

A
  1. Neurons (carry info as electrical or chemical signals)
  2. Gilal cells (supporting cells for neurons)
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14
Q

“Function” in physiology

A

the “why” - why does the system exist

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15
Q

“Mechanism” in physiology

A

the “how” - how does the system work

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16
Q

How do physiologists study mechanism to understand function

A

how cellular and molecular changes affect the organism as a whole

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

a central organizing principle of physiology , the maintaenance of a relatively stable internal environment

18
Q

How does homeostasis involve a series of automatic control mechanisms

A
  • Maintains a similar condition for all the cells of the body
  • Achieved through the effects of different organ systems working together
19
Q

Acclimatization

A

Environmentally induced change in physiological function with no genetic change

20
Q

What is the result of homeostatic control

A

oscillation around a set point (which can change with time)

21
Q

Four Basic mechanisms of how cells communicate in the body

A
  1. Gap junctions
  2. Contact dependent signal
  3. Local communication
  4. Long-distance communication
22
Q

Gap junction communication

A

(direct cell-to-cell communication)
- via protein channels between adjacent cells
- gap junctions are capable of opening and closing

23
Q

Contact dependent signal communication

A

from the interaction between membrane molecules on two cells
- in immune cells

24
Q

Local communication

A

communication with neighbouring cells
- occurs via paracrine and autocrine signals on the neighbouring cells

(can also be gap junctions and contact-dependant signals)

25
Q

Autocrines

A

chemicals that act on the cell that produces them

26
Q

Paracrine example

A

histamine
- paracrine signals are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells

27
Q

Long distance communication

A
  • responsibility of the nervous and endocrine systems
  • nervous system uses combinations of chemical and electrical signals (neurotransmitters)
  • endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones)
28
Q

Why do some cells respond to a chemical signal and others do not

A

target cells have various receptor proteins , only respond to a chemical signal if they have right receptor

29
Q

Receptors

A
  • usually transmembrane proteins (glycoproteins)
  • usually on plasma membrane but can be intracellular
30
Q

Three domains of membrane spanning receptors

A
  1. Extracellular domain - involved in binding the ligand
  2. Trans - membrane domain - hydrophobic
  3. Intracellular (cytoplasmic domain) - involved in activating the cellular response
31
Q

Two ways homeostasis may be maintained

A
  1. Local
  2. long-distance pathways
32
Q

Local control of homeostasis

A

the effects are exerted on neighbouring cells, ex paracrine control of blood vessel diameter due to low O2

33
Q

Reflex control/ long distance pathways

A

The reaction in one or more organs controlled from elsewhere in the body
- can be any long distance path of the nervous /endocrine system

34
Q

Three types of feedback/control systems to regulate the response loops

A
  1. Negative feedback
  2. Positive feedback
  3. Feedforward control
35
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • results in a change that opposes or removes the signal thus returning the variable to its original value
  • allows for homeostatic control
  • keeps a system near or at set-point
  • oscillation around the set point

ex. blood pressure

36
Q

Positive Feedback

A
  • response sends signal - reinforces stimulus sending the variable further from the set point until and external signal turns the response off
  • NOT homeostatic (response reinforces the stimulus)
  • sends system temporarily out of control

ex. labour

37
Q

Feedforward Control

A

Anticipatory control: predicts that change is about to happen, starts the response loop -> prevent change

38
Q

Lipophilic hormones

A

chemical messenger signals carried by the bloodstream until they diffuse from the blood into interstitial fluid.

  • enter cells by simple diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane [p. 134]. Once inside, they bind to cytosolic receptors or nuclear receptors
  • generate long term effects
  • intracellular receptors
39
Q

Lipophobic

A

cannot cross membranes by simple diffusion. Instead, the vast majority of solutes cross membranes with the help of membrane proteins, a process we call mediated transport.
- cell membrane receptors

40
Q

Describe the endocrine system (long distance communication)

A

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood. Only target cells with receptors for the hormone respond to the signal

41
Q

Describe the nervous system

A

Neurotransmitters are chemicals secreted by

Term 2! (59 decks)

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