Development/Attachment module 8 Flashcards
Germinal Stage of Prenatal Development:
Development that occurs during the first two weeks following conception. Begins with the fertilization of the egg with sperm and ends when the placenta begins to function
Embryonic Stage of Prenatal Development:
Development that occurs between two weeks and approximately two months following conception. Stem cells begin to differentiate and organs begin to form.
Fetal stage and Prenatal development stage:
Development that occurs between two months following conception and ends at birth. Fetus is capable of movement and organs begin to function.
Prenatal development
the developmental period preceding infancy , beginning with conception (fusion of egg and sperm) and ending with birthing of a brand new individual
Period divided into three stages
1. Germinal stage
2. Embryonic stage
3. Fetal stage
Process of germinal stage
single celled zygate migrates along the fallopian tube on its way to implanting in the uterine wall (first two weeks post conception)
Migration takes 7 days, cell begins to multiply via mitosis
All the cells are undifferentiated: they have yet to specialize into their eventual cell types
Inner cell mass: embryoblast develops into the embryo
Outer cell mass is called trophoblast which joins with the embryoblast to form blastocyst
Germinal stage concludes when placenta becomes functional
Organism cannot be developped in fallopian tube or else it will be fatal
Process of Embryonic stage
(commences once placenta begins to function) (2 weeks and 2 months post conception)
Transfers materials through blood supply between embryo and mother , nutirents and harmful waste products pass back and forth
Cell differentiation occurs (mitosis)
Process of Fetal stage
cell division and differentiation continue (between 2 months post conception to birth)
Bones and muscles formed (motor activity)
Heart begins to function
Rapid expansion of brain tissue
Full term reached at 39-40 weeks
Child survives outside womb at 22-26 weeks
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS);
condition with adverse effects manifesting throughout development
Caused by drinking during early stages of pregnancy small head (microcephaly) and heart defects
Hyperactivity during childhood and slowed mental and motor development
As adults; depression, suicide, criminal behaviour
Tobacco uses during pregnancy
reduces the low of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus – miscarriage, prematurity, stillbirth
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) a result of smoking during pregnancy
Malnutrition vs overeating during pregnancy
Malnutrition: increase risk of schizophrenia in susceptible individuals
Overeating: increase the risk of a difficult birth
Can infants contract HIV from their mothers during pregnancy
Mother with Genital Herpes should have a Caesrean Section to prevent baby to contacting virus
Infants can prevent contracting HIV from their mothers since blood streams of both are separate, but should refrain from contacting blood and breastfeeding
Teratogens
Teratogens (in vegetables and food); class of chemical agents that are carcinogenic (cancer causing) and mutagenic (mutation causing)
A threat to embryo not large organisms
Too much causes miscarriage
The central nervous system takes the longest to develop thus effects of teratogens have the largest effect on this system for the longest time
Encephalization
Critical period should begin following the Germinal stage and concludes by approx. 16 weeks
Morning sickness is an evolutionary function of the human to avoid the bad effects of teratogens
Teratogens pose no risk to an organism during the germinal stage because it is not until the placenta becomes functional that teratogens can be passed from the mother to the embryo
Pregnancy sickness
food aversions that can induce nausea , vomiting
Physiologically induced dislike of foods containing toxic compounds is an adaptive response in mothers
Women with diets containing more teratogens experience more pregnancy sickness
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz and Imprinting: new borns looks for and follows the first large moving object it encounters , which must occur during a critical period, occuring during early development
Ex. Newly hatched gosling imprints on a stimulus, but adult geese cannot
They cannot distinguish between and adult goose and humans which shows that imprinting is stimulus independent (organism responds to a large and moving stimulus not specific stimuli like its mother)
Differences between imprinting and attachment
Difference between Attachment and imprinting: attachment occurs overtime through experience since the infant is unaware who the mother/caretaker is
Newborns show no preference of caretakers and adults – they just need someone to fulfill their needs
Newborns do not experience stranger anxiety
Similarities between imprinting and attachment
both are stimulus dependent , thus they can both become attached to people who are not their mother
Attachment can happen between the child and mutliple adult caretakers
Secure attachment
protest when mom leaves and calm quicly when mom returns, explore confidently when mom is present
Healthy and stable emotional bond has been formed
Non secure: Anxious/Ambivalent attachment:
infant explores anxiously when mom is present, protsts when mom leaves, but is then difficult to console after she returns
Presence of anxiety characterizes the emotional bond the infant has with her caretaker
Non secure: Avoidant attachment:
infant appears unconcerned with the presence or absence of m
Explores comfortably (like secure attachment) but fails to protest when mom leaves and is reluctant to greet her when she returns
Disorganized attachment
when infant expresses a fear response to the caretaker herself
Perceive as a threat, oscillates towards and away from their caretaker when feeling vulnerable (want to seek comfort AND avoid danger)
Developed in response to an abusive caretaker
How does attachment develop?
Three different classes of interacting factors that determine attachment
Factors associated with mother: secure form that develops when mom is sensitive and attentive to her infant
-Be seen in mothers who are satisfied with their romantic or no romantic relationship life are more attentive to infants
Factors associated with Infant: affect a mother’s sensitivity is the infant’s temperment
- Those with difficult babies will struggle to remain attentive and might look for opportunities away from their infants to rest and retrieve themselves
- These breaks can increase the liklihood of non-secure forms of attachment
Sociocultural factors: different child-rearing practices can also contribute to different attachment styles
Adult attachments
Orientation to self; can be positive or negative (I am/am not worthy of love and support)
Orientation towards others: positive or negative (others are trustworthy and available/ or untristy/unavailable)
Securely attached individuals
positive orientation to the self and towards others (see themselves as loveable)
High intimacy with others but feel confident in themselves
Preoccupied individuals
have negative orientation to the self but positive orientation towards others
See themselves unworthy of love and become highly dependent others
Idealize their relationships with others
Dismissing individuals
positive orientation towards self and negative orientation towards others
Feel worthy of love but tend to avoid intamacy with others
Prefer to maintain independence
Avoid disappointment
Fearful individuals
negative orientation towards self and towards others
Unworthy of love but also worry that others will rebuff them
Frequently avoid close relationships ; do so in order to avoid rejection rather than disappointment
