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Term 2! > BIOL 273 - Unit 3.1 +3.2 > Flashcards

BIOL 273 - Unit 3.1 +3.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a muscle?

A

tissue specialized to convert biochemical rections into mechanical work

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2
Q

4 functions of muscle

A
  • generate motion and force
  • only contract
  • only expands when physically pulled by antagonistic muscle groups
  • generate heat and contribute to body temperature homeostasis
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3
Q

What are the three types of muscle in the human body

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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4
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to bones of the skeleton to control body movement
  • contract in response to signal from somatic motor neuron - cannot intitate contraction on its own/ be influenced by hormones
  • attached to bones via tendons
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5
Q

describe smooth muscle

A
  • primary muscle of internal organs and tubes (stomach, blood vessles, urinary bladder)
  • influences movement of materials through the body)
  • no striations
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6
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A
  • found only in the heart - pump to move blood around the body
  • striations
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7
Q

What percent of body weight do skeletal muscles consist of

A

40% of body weight

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8
Q

What are tendons composed of

A

dense regular connective tissue - collagen

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9
Q

What are outer connective tissue of skeletal muscle called

A

epimysium

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10
Q

What are the bundles of muscle tissue in skeletal muscle called and what do they contain

A

fascicles
- nerves and blood vessels
- muscle fibres

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11
Q

what are fascicles covered in

A

perimysium (connective tissue sheath)

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12
Q

What are muscle fibres within fascicles covered in

A

innermost connective tissue sheath: endomysium

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13
Q

What are contained within the muscle fibres

A

functional units: myofibrils
(takes up majority of space)
- contain contractile and elastic protein bundles

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14
Q

Describe the structure of a muscle fibre

A
  • long/cylindrical cell
  • several hundred nuclei on the surface of the fibre
  • cell membrane is called sarcolemma
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15
Q

What are the endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibres called

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

What other structures are associated with sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibres

A
  • T tubules (transverse tubules)
  • terminal cisternae (sequester Ca+2 storage)
  • T tubule with flanking terminal cisternae : triad
17
Q

What is the purpose of T tubules in muscle fibre

A

allow for rapid action potential diffusion into the muscle fibre

18
Q

Myofibrils: what are the three types of bundles of contractile ealstic proteins

A
  1. Contractile proteins - actin and myosin
  2. Regulatory proteins - troponin and tropomyosin
  3. Accessory proteins - nebulin (aligns thin filament) and titin (elastic protein that returns stretched muscle to relaxed state)
19
Q

Describe myosin (what do they consist, what do they form, how are they arranged)

A
  • a motor protein that consists of two coiled protein molecules (chains) that have two important parts - head and tail region
  • arranged so head are at the ends and tails are together
20
Q

What do myosin join for form

A
  • about 250 myosin molecules join to form THICK FILAMENT
21
Q

Describe actin (subunits, what do they form)

A
  • subunits G-actin (globular actin)
  • G- actin subunits polymerize to form chain (F-actin) - filamentous
22
Q

What do actin join to form , describe the full process of the formation of this structure

A

two F-actin chains twist together to form basis of THIN FILAMENT
- coiled F-actin associates with regulatory proteins - Troponin and Tropomyosin (regulate muscle contraction)

  • forms completed thin filament
23
Q

What are the thick and thin filament organization resultign in striations seen in skeletal muscle called

A

sarcomere

24
Q

What are the five components of the sarcomere

A
  1. Z-line (disks)
  2. I- band (isotropic)
  3. A band (anisotropic)
  4. H zone (part of the A band)
  5. M line
25
Q

sarcomere: Describe the Z-line (disks)

A

site of attachment for thin filaments
- one sarcomere is made of 2 Z discs and the filaments between them

26
Q

sarcomere: Describe the I band

A

region containing ONLY thin filaments
- a Z disc runs through the middle of an I band - thus each 1/2 of the I band is part of a different sarcomere

27
Q

sarcomere: describe the A band

A

region containing thick and think filaments
- thick and thin filaments overlap at the outer edges of the A band
- the center is occupied by thick filaments only

28
Q

sarcomere: describe the H zone

A

region containing ONLY thick filaments
- central region is lighter than the outer edges

29
Q

sarcomere: describe the M line

A

site of attachment for the thick filaments
- the M line is the center of the sarcomere

Term 2! (59 decks)

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