kin 146 midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Thiamin function and coenzyme form
A
- coenzyme form: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
- conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (energy metabolism)
- nerve activity
- carb metabolism to proceed through the TCA cycle
- destroyed by heatr
2
Q
Thiamin source
A
- plant based burgers
- meats in pork family
- fortified flour, cereals , meats
3
Q
Thiamin deficiency
A
- alcohol impairs thiamin absorption (brain damage/function impairment)
- beriberi disease (weakness in limbs)
4
Q
Riboflavin function and coenzyme form
A
- coenzyme form: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
- FAD picks up two hydrogens from the TCA cycle and delivers them to the ETC
- destroyed by UV light
5
Q
Riboflavin deficiency
A
- inflammation of the membrane of the mouth , skin eyes and GI tract
6
Q
Thiamin excess
A
No harm
7
Q
Riboflavin excess
A
No harm
8
Q
Riboflavin sources
A
- milk and alternatives
- whole grain
- dark leafy greens
- liver
9
Q
Niacin function and coenzyme form
A
- coenzyme form: NAD (nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide) and NAPD (phosphate form)
- carries hydrogens during metabolic rxns (TCA to ETC)
- protect against neurological degeneration
- made from AA tryptophan
10
Q
Niacin deficiency:
A
- made from tryptophan
- pellagra disease
11
Q
Niacin toxicity
A
Niacin flush raises HDL cholesterol
12
Q
Niacin sources
A
- Meat
- poultry
- fish
- legumes
- fortified grains
13
Q
Biotin function
A
- in the TCA cycle: delivers a carbon to 3 carbon pyruvate (replenishes oxaloacetate)
14
Q
Biotin deficiency
A
- skin rash
- hair loss
- neurological impairments
15
Q
Biotin toxicity
A
none
16
Q
Biotin sources
A
- synthesized in GI tract bacteria
- eggs
- liver
- fish
- whole grains
17
Q
Vitamin B6 function and coenzyme form
A
- coenzyme form: PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
- add/remove amino acid groups
- make niacin from AA tryptophan
- lost when heated
18
Q
Vitamin B6 a family of compounds…
A
pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine
19
Q
Vitamin B6 deficiency:
A
- synthesis of neurotransmitter diminish
- depression
- confusion
- alcohol use contribute to destruction
20
Q
Vitamin B6 toxicity
A
neurological damage
21
Q
Vitamin B6 sources
A
- meat
- fish
- poultry
- vegetables
- stored in muscle
22
Q
Pantothenic acid function and coenzyme
A
- part of structure of coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
- easily destroyed by freezing, canning, refining processes
23
Q
Pantothenic acid deficiency
A
- neurological disturbance: “burning feet”
- fatigue
- GI stress
24
Q
Pantothenic acid toxicity
A
none
25
Pantothenic acid sources
- beef
- poultry
- whole grains
- broccoli
- tomatoes
26
Folate function and coenzyme form
- coenzyme form: THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate)
- converts B12 to coenzyme form
- regenerates AA methionine to homocysteine
- need for folate rises during pregnancy/ when cells are multiplying
- destroyed by heat or oxidation
27
Folate deficiency
- neural tube defects
- impairs cell division and protein synthesis
- GI tract damage
- smooth red tongue
28
Folate toxicity
- supplements can mask B12 deficiency
29
Folate sources
- fortifie grains
- legumes/fruits/vegetables
- reabsorbed via bile
30
Vitamin B12 function and coenzyme form
- closely related to folate
- synthesis of DNA , RNA and regeneration of methionine
- protects nerve fibres
- bone cell activity
- B12 coenzyme becomes activated
31
Vitamin B12 deficiency
- atrophic gastritis (inadequate HCL - inflammation of the stomach)
- pernicious anemia
- neurological degeneration
- macrocytic anemia
32
Vitamin B12 toxicity
none
33
Vitamin B12 sources
- Animal foods
- fortified milk alternatives
- reabsorbed via bile
- inactivated during microwave
34
Choline function
- Makes neurotransmitter acetylcholine and phospholipid lecithin
- support neurological development and cognition
35
Chloline deficiency:
liver damage
(made from methionine but not sufficient)
36
Choline toxcity
None
37
Choline sources
- milk
- eggs
- peanuts
- lecithin
38
Sulphur function
- Rigid component of proteins (nails, skin, hair)
39
Sulphur deficiency
Converted from methionine and cysteine
40
Sulphur sources
protein foods
41
Iodine function
- Thyroid hormones
- Controls the rate which oxygen is being used by cells
42
Iodine deficiency
- Thyroid gland enlarges
- mental impairment
- cretinism
43
Iodine sources
- seafood: kelp, iondine containing salt
(impaired absorption by goitrogens)
44
Iodine toxicity
enlarged thyroid
45
Manganese function
- Cofactor for enzymes used in metabolism
- bone formation
- conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound
46
Manganese toxicity
(from environmental conditions - Nervous system disorder)
- brain disease
- abnormal appearance and behaviour
47
Manganese deficiency
None
48
Manganese sources
- nuts
- whole grains
- leafy veg
49
Chromium function
- Glucose homeostasis
- done by enhancing insulin activity
50
Chromium deficiency
- Elevated blood glucose
- insulin and glucagon response impaired
51
Chromium toxicity
None
