kin 146 midterm 2 Flashcards
Thiamin function and coenzyme form
- coenzyme form: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
- conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (energy metabolism)
- nerve activity
- carb metabolism to proceed through the TCA cycle
- destroyed by heatr
Thiamin source
- plant based burgers
- meats in pork family
- fortified flour, cereals , meats
Thiamin deficiency
- alcohol impairs thiamin absorption (brain damage/function impairment)
- beriberi disease (weakness in limbs)
Riboflavin function and coenzyme form
- coenzyme form: FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
- FAD picks up two hydrogens from the TCA cycle and delivers them to the ETC
- destroyed by UV light
Riboflavin deficiency
- inflammation of the membrane of the mouth , skin eyes and GI tract
Thiamin excess
No harm
Riboflavin excess
No harm
Riboflavin sources
- milk and alternatives
- whole grain
- dark leafy greens
- liver
Niacin function and coenzyme form
- coenzyme form: NAD (nicotinaminde adenine dinucleotide) and NAPD (phosphate form)
- carries hydrogens during metabolic rxns (TCA to ETC)
- protect against neurological degeneration
- made from AA tryptophan
Niacin deficiency:
- made from tryptophan
- pellagra disease
Niacin toxicity
Niacin flush raises HDL cholesterol
Niacin sources
- Meat
- poultry
- fish
- legumes
- fortified grains
Biotin function
- in the TCA cycle: delivers a carbon to 3 carbon pyruvate (replenishes oxaloacetate)
Biotin deficiency
- skin rash
- hair loss
- neurological impairments
Biotin toxicity
none
Biotin sources
- synthesized in GI tract bacteria
- eggs
- liver
- fish
- whole grains
Vitamin B6 function and coenzyme form
- coenzyme form: PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
- add/remove amino acid groups
- make niacin from AA tryptophan
- lost when heated
Vitamin B6 a family of compounds…
pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine
Vitamin B6 deficiency:
- synthesis of neurotransmitter diminish
- depression
- confusion
- alcohol use contribute to destruction
Vitamin B6 toxicity
neurological damage
Vitamin B6 sources
- meat
- fish
- poultry
- vegetables
- stored in muscle
Pantothenic acid function and coenzyme
- part of structure of coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA
- easily destroyed by freezing, canning, refining processes
Pantothenic acid deficiency
- neurological disturbance: “burning feet”
- fatigue
- GI stress
Pantothenic acid toxicity
none
Pantothenic acid sources
- beef
- poultry
- whole grains
- broccoli
- tomatoes
Folate function and coenzyme form
- coenzyme form: THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate)
- converts B12 to coenzyme form
- regenerates AA methionine to homocysteine
- need for folate rises during pregnancy/ when cells are multiplying
- destroyed by heat or oxidation
Folate deficiency
- neural tube defects
- impairs cell division and protein synthesis
- GI tract damage
- smooth red tongue
Folate toxicity
- supplements can mask B12 deficiency
Folate sources
- fortifie grains
- legumes/fruits/vegetables
- reabsorbed via bile
Vitamin B12 function and coenzyme form
- closely related to folate
- synthesis of DNA , RNA and regeneration of methionine
- protects nerve fibres
- bone cell activity
- B12 coenzyme becomes activated
Vitamin B12 deficiency
- atrophic gastritis (inadequate HCL - inflammation of the stomach)
- pernicious anemia
- neurological degeneration
- macrocytic anemia
Vitamin B12 toxicity
none
Vitamin B12 sources
- Animal foods
- fortified milk alternatives
- reabsorbed via bile
- inactivated during microwave
Choline function
- Makes neurotransmitter acetylcholine and phospholipid lecithin
- support neurological development and cognition
Chloline deficiency:
liver damage
(made from methionine but not sufficient)
Choline toxcity
None
Choline sources
- milk
- eggs
- peanuts
- lecithin
Sulphur function
- Rigid component of proteins (nails, skin, hair)
Sulphur deficiency
Converted from methionine and cysteine
Sulphur sources
protein foods
Iodine function
- Thyroid hormones
- Controls the rate which oxygen is being used by cells
Iodine deficiency
- Thyroid gland enlarges
- mental impairment
- cretinism
Iodine sources
- seafood: kelp, iondine containing salt
(impaired absorption by goitrogens)
Iodine toxicity
enlarged thyroid
Manganese function
- Cofactor for enzymes used in metabolism
- bone formation
- conversion of pyruvate to a TCA cycle compound
Manganese toxicity
(from environmental conditions - Nervous system disorder)
- brain disease
- abnormal appearance and behaviour
Manganese deficiency
None
Manganese sources
- nuts
- whole grains
- leafy veg
Chromium function
- Glucose homeostasis
- done by enhancing insulin activity
Chromium deficiency
- Elevated blood glucose
- insulin and glucagon response impaired
Chromium toxicity
None
