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Term 2! > BIOL 273 - Unit 4.3 + 4.4 > Flashcards

BIOL 273 - Unit 4.3 + 4.4 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe late diastole

A

Entire heart relaxed
atria and ventricles are relaxed
- semilunar valves closed; AV valves open
- blood enters ventricles passively

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2
Q

Describe Atrial systole

A

atria contract, ventricles relaxed
- semilunar valves closed , Av valves open
- small amount of blood enters ventricles

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3
Q

Describe isovolumic ventricular contraction

A

ventricles contract
- AV and semilunar valves closed
- volume doesn’t change

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4
Q

Describe Ventricular ejection

A

semilunar valves open, AV valves shut
- blood ejected (systemic circulation)

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5
Q

Isovolumic ventricular relaxation

A

semilunar valves closed; AV valves closed

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6
Q

What are the steps to the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Late diastole
  2. Atrial systole
  3. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection
  5. Isolvolumic ventricular relaxation
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7
Q

Describe the “lub” sound during the cardiac cycle

A

due to closing of AV valves

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8
Q

Describe the “dub” sound

A

due to closing of semilunar valves

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9
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

maximum volume in ventricle - end of ventricular filling

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10
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

minimum volume in ventricle - end of ventricular contraction

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11
Q

What is cardiac output and how to calculate it

A
  • the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
    Heart Rate x Stroke Volume
    Stoke volume = EDV - ESV
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12
Q

Factors influencing Heart Rate

A
  1. Parasympathetic stimulation - decreases heart rate
  2. Sympathetic stimulation - increases heart rate
  3. Plasma Epinephrine (from adrenal medulla) - increases heart rate
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13
Q

Factors influencing stroke volume

A
  1. Parasympathetic stimulation - decrease contractility
  2. Sympathetic stimulation - increases contractility
  3. Plasma Epinephrine - increases contractility
  4. Increased End-Diastolic volume - increases stroke volume
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14
Q

What is the hollow tube of blood vessels made of (2)

A
  • Lumen
  • Wall (made of layers)
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15
Q

What does the wall of blood vessles consist of (4)

A
  1. Inner lining - enothelial cells make up endothelium
  2. Elastic connective tissue
  3. Vascular smooth muscle (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)
  4. Fibrous connective tissue
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16
Q

What are the five types of blood vessels

A
  1. Artery - thick walled to withstand high pressure
  2. Arteriole - smallest arteries
  3. Capillary - smallest blood vessels - exchange of material
  4. Venule - smallest veins
  5. Vein - transport blood at low pressure
17
Q

What are the factors that influence blood flow through the vessels of the body (4)

A
  1. Myogenic autoregulation
  2. Paracrine hormones
  3. Innervation by sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
  4. Hormone signals via circulating epinephrine
18
Q

What is myogenic autoregulation

A

stretch receptors in wall of arterioles when activated cause vasoconstriction

19
Q

What are paracrine horomones

A

released from vascular endothelium and tissues - cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction

20
Q

innervation by sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system is to referred to

A
  • Norepinephrine - binds to alpha receptors, causes vasoconstriction
  • Epinephrine - binds to alpha receptors, reinforces vasoconstriction
21
Q

Hormonal signals via circulating epinephrine

A

binds to beta 2 receptors
- found ONLY in vascular smooth muscle of heart, liver and skeletal muscle
- causes vasodilation

22
Q

How is pressure decreased in blood flow

A

pressure decreased by friction between blood and the walls of the blood vessel

23
Q

Describe the relationship between flow, pressure and resistance

A

flow isn proportional to the pressure difference and inversely proportional to the resistance

24
Q

When does blood flow occur

A

When there is a pressure gradient from high to low pressure

25
Q

Describe arterial blood pressure

A

it reflects the driving pressure caused by the heart pumping:
- highest in arteries
- lowest at point of return to the heart

26
Q

Systolic pressure

A

time when the heart is contracting - highest arterial pressure

27
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

time when the ventricle relaxes - lowest arterial pressure

28
Q

P wave in ECG

A

Depolarization of atria

29
Q

QRS complex in ECG

A

ventricular depolarization

30
Q

T wave in ECG

A

repolarization of ventricles

31
Q

P-R segment in ECG

A

atrial contraction

32
Q

S-T segment in ECG

A

ventricular contraction, just after Q wave

33
Q

What does the mean arterial pressure factor

A

systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
- becasue arterial pressure is pulsatile

34
Q

Factors affecting mean arterial pressure

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Changes in blood volume (normally constant)
  3. Peripheral resistance
35
Q

How can peripheral resistance affect mean arterial pressure

A
  • modify the diameter of arterioles
  • ## small changes in radius means large changes in resistance
35
Q

Baroreceptors

A

stretch sensitive mechanorecepotrs found in vessel walls of the carotid artery and aorta.
- monitors blood pressure
- vasodilation
- negative feedback

Term 2! (59 decks)

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