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Kevin's Cards > Kevin's Cards about Chemistry > Flashcards

Kevin's Cards about Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lowest-energy state of matter

A

Solids

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2
Q

Which State of Matter doesn’t change in Volume

A

Solids

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3
Q

What are Proteins

A

Biological Solids found in living matter

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4
Q

How do pure solids form

A

They form very slowly

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5
Q

What are Pure Solids called

A

Crystals

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6
Q

What is the densest solid

A

Osmium ( 23 x heavier than Water )

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7
Q

What is the lightest solid

A

Aerogel ( 530 x lighter than Water )

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8
Q

What is the Lightest Metal

A

Lithium ( floats on water )

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9
Q

What is a liquid

A

A medium-energy state of matter that can’t exist in a vacuum

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10
Q

What causes surface tension

A

Mutual Attraction between my molecules causes surface tension

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11
Q

What is liquid mercury’s surface tension

A

It is very high in Surface Tension but is actually dry

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12
Q

What is the number of liquid elements on the Periodic Table

A

There are 2

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13
Q

What is the lightest liquid

A

Ether ( 0.7 x Water )

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14
Q

Which State of Matter has the highest energy

A

Gas

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15
Q

What color is chlorine gas

A

Green

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16
Q

Exuberance Meaning

A

Full of energy

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17
Q

What was the first use of Mustard Gas

A

It was a weapon in WWI due to its deadly poison

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18
Q

What is the Heaviest gas

A

Fluoride ( 14 x air )

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19
Q

What is the lightest gas

A

Hydrogen

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20
Q

Volatile Meaning with gasses

A

Molecules that form gasses easily

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21
Q

What is is called when a solid turns directly into a gas

A

This is called Sublimation

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22
Q

What is the melting point of H20 at sea level

A

32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 Degrees Celsius

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23
Q

Which material has the highest melting point

A

Tungsten

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24
Q

Which material has the lowest melting point

A

Helium

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25
Q

Boiling point of H20

A

212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius

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26
Q

Which material has the highest boiling point

A

Tungsten

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27
Q

Which material has the lowest boiling point

A

Helium

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28
Q

What is Brownian Motion

A

The theory that describes how particles move in Liquids and Gasses

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29
Q

What type of energy is the biggest mixer of molecules in liquids

A

Thermal Energy

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30
Q

What does Brownian motion do to molecules

A

Makes them bash all over the place

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31
Q

Who was Brownian Motion named after

A

Mr. Brown ( 1827 )

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32
Q

What did Einstein find about the “random walk’’ also known as Brownian Motion

A

That this movement happens because the particle is being battered around by the invisible motion of molecules in the liquid

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33
Q

What did Mr. Brown first think when he saw a pollen grain moving in water

A

He thought it was alive

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34
Q

Who was the first to record Brownian Motion

A

Jan Ingen-Housz ( 1785 )

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35
Q

Who was the first to explain Brownian Motion

A

Albert Einstein ( 1905 )

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36
Q

How many known elements are there

A

118 Elements

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37
Q

How are compounds made

A

By combining different elements

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38
Q

What is an element made of

A

Atoms of all the same type

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39
Q

What is an element in matter

A

One of the basic building blocks

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40
Q

What is the lightest element

A

Hydrogen with only a single proton in its Nucleus

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41
Q

What is the most reactive metal

A

Francium

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42
Q

What is the most reactive Nonmetal

A

Fluorine

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43
Q

What is the number of natural occurring elements

A

92

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44
Q

What is the most common element

A

Hydrogen

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45
Q

What is the heaviest element

A

Element 118 ( Ununoctium )

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46
Q

How is a compound formed and broken apart

A

By a chemical reaction

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47
Q

What is the total number of Known Compounds

A

61 Million

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48
Q

Salt is an example of what type of compound

A

An Ionic Compound

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49
Q

Water is an example of what type of compound

A

A Covalent Compound

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50
Q

Concrete and soil are examples of what type of mixtures

A

Solid Mixtures

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51
Q

Milk is an example of what type of mixture

A

A Solid-Liquid Mixture

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52
Q

Lemonade is an example of what type of Mixture

A

A liquid mixture

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53
Q

What is the Periodic Table used for

A

To organize the elements in a neat way

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54
Q

Who is Element 101, Mendelevium, Named after

A

Mendeleev

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55
Q

What is Group 1 of the Periodic Table

A

Reactive Metals

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56
Q

What are the elements in the center called

A

Transition Metals

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57
Q

What is Group 18 in the Periodic Table called

A

Inert, or noble, Gasses

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58
Q

What is an atom

A

An atomic Particle that has no overall electrical charge

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59
Q

How is the Periodic Table Arranged

A

By atomic number order

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60
Q

What materials are the universe made of

A

Atoms

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61
Q

What is the center of an atom called

A

The Nucleus

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62
Q

What is located in the Nucleus

A

The nucleus is made up of tightly packed positively charged protons and neutral neutrons

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63
Q

What is around the Nucleus

A

Negatively charged electrons

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64
Q

How many electrons does the first shell contain

A

Two electrons

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65
Q

How many electrons does the second shell contain

A

Eight electrons

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66
Q

How many electrons does the third shell contain

A

Eighteen electrons

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67
Q

What does the number of protons determine

A

What type of element the object is

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68
Q

The electrons are used for what

A

Chemistry, and to pair and share with other atoms to create ions

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69
Q

The number of electrons must equal the number of what

A

Protons

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70
Q

The atomic number equals the amount of what

A

Protons

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71
Q

The mass number equals the amount of what

A

The number of Protons added by the Number of neutrons

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72
Q

What are Isotopes

A

Atoms with different mass numbers but equal atomic numbers

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73
Q

Isotopes vary in the number of what

A

Neutrons in their atomic Nucleus

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74
Q

Isotopes that decay are called what

A

Radioisotopes

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75
Q

Atoms and Isotopes go through the same what

A

They have the same chemistry and the same reactions

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76
Q

What is the difference between Atoms and Isotopes

A

They have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei sometimes more and sometimes less

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77
Q

How many Neutrons and Protons do Carbon 12 have

A

6 protons and 6 neutrons

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78
Q

How many Neutrons and Protons do Carbon 14 have

A

6 protons and 8 neutrons

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79
Q

What is carbon 14 used for

A

Carbon Dating

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80
Q

What is Carbon Dating

A

Guessing an objects age

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81
Q

What is an Ion

A

An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons

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82
Q

What holds Ions together

A

Strong electrostatic forces hold them together

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83
Q

What do Ions do

A

Make Metals and Nonmetals connect in “salty” crystal lattices and make positive metals and negative nonmetals ions together in a ionic brace. This is a Ionic compound

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84
Q

How are ions made

A

They transfer electrons from the outer shells to fill them up. This creates positively and negatively charged ions making chemical reactions possible.

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85
Q

What are the properties of Ionic Compounds

A

Rock solid with high melting and boiling points; brittle crystals that dissolve in polar solvents ( like Water ); and conductors of electricity when molten or in a solution.

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86
Q

Table salt is known as what type of compound

A

A compound made from ( sodium Chloride ) and is a well-known ionic compound

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87
Q

What is the melting/boiling point of Ionic compounds

A

Very High

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88
Q

Groups 1 and 2 ( Ionic metals) lose what

A

Electrons

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89
Q

Groups 6 and 7 ( Ionic Nonmetals ) gain what

A

Electrons

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90
Q

What is a molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

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91
Q

Molecules with high atomic number have a strong what

A

Intermolecular Bonds

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92
Q

What is the smallest molecule

A

Hydrogen (0.00000015mm)

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93
Q

How strong are bonds between atoms

A

Very strong

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94
Q

How strong are Intermolecular Forces

A

Very Weak

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95
Q

Giant Molecules go well with which Elements

A

Carbon, Silicon, and Oxygen

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96
Q

What type of bond do Giant Molecules contain

A

Covalent Bonds

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97
Q

Atoms In Giant Molecules are linked together by what

A

Covalent Bonds

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98
Q

Materials made of Giant Molecules usually have what characteristics

A

They are hard, sometimes brittle, and have a high melting point

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99
Q

Diamond, Graphite, and Buckyballs are all made from which material

A

Carbon

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100
Q

What is a Buckeyball

A

A rock like sphere

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101
Q

What is the hardest material that contains a Giant Molecule

A

Diamond

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102
Q

What is the boiling point of Giant Molecules

A

Very high

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103
Q

What is the melting point of diamond

A

6,500 degrees Fahrenheit or 3,600 degrees Celsius

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104
Q

What makes up a Polymer

A

Chains of small molecules form this giant molecule

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105
Q

What was the old way to make Polymers

A

Manmade

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106
Q

Cellulose and Amber are examples of what type of Polymer

A

Natural Polymer

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107
Q

Nylon and PVC are example of what type of Polymer

A

Man-made Polymers

108
Q

What is the reaction that takes place in polymers called

A

Addition Polymerization

109
Q

What are Nanoparticles used for

A

They get added to materials to lend them superpowers

110
Q

How thin are Nanoparticles

A

10,000 times thinner than a cat’s whisker

111
Q

Why is it when you add Nanoparticles to a material it is more effective

A

Because it has much more surface area to its volume, which makes the atoms at its surface much more reactive and powerful

112
Q

What Nanoparticles are added to sunscreen

A

Zinc Oxide Nanos since they are amazing absorbers of UV light

113
Q

How many meters is one nanometer

A

0.000,000,001 Meter

114
Q

What is the size of a Nanoparticle

A

1-10 nm

115
Q

What is another name for Nanoscience

A

Nanotechnology

116
Q

What is the real name of Avogadro’s Number

A

Avogadro constant

117
Q

What does Avogadro Constant

A

How many molecules in a mole of Gas

118
Q

The Avogadro Constant

A

6.022 141 79 (30) x 10 by the power of 23 mol-1

119
Q

Who was Avogadro Constant Named after

A

Amedio Avogadro

120
Q

What is the Number of the Avogadro Constant

A

6022 followed by 20 zeros or 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000

121
Q

What is a mole used for

A

A mole is a unit of measurement

122
Q

What is the symbol of a mole

A

Mol

123
Q

One mole has how many particles

A

6.02 x 10 by the power of 23

124
Q

A mole serving of any Element or Compound always contains the same number as what

A

The same number of atoms or molecules, as given in Avogadro’s Number

125
Q

The weight of each mole equals the same as what

A

The atomic mass of each Element, measured in grams (for example, 1 mole of elemental Oxygen = 16g)

126
Q

What is the weight of gaseous Oxygen (O2)

A

16 x 2=32g

127
Q

1 Mole equals what

A

The number of particles in 12g of pure carbon

128
Q

What is Acid’s pH

A

It is very low

129
Q

What is the chemical opposite of Acid

A

A Base

130
Q

What gives Acid its acidic nature

A

Its ability to lose hydrogen ions

131
Q

What is the process of Acid losing Hydrogen Ions

A

In the presence of Water, it disassociate, breaking into a negative ion and a positive hydrogen ion (H+). This positive ion is a spare proton (which is why they are called a proton donor). It’s free to react with other chemicals in a solution and can create ten kinds of havoc.

132
Q

Really strong acids instantly let loose how many H+ ions

A

100%

133
Q

Weak acids loose how many H+ ions

A

Barely and disassociate much less

134
Q

What is Acid’s number on the pH table

A

Less than 7

135
Q

Which Acid is weak but corrosive

A

Methane Acid

136
Q

Which Acid is strong but Mild

A

Carborane Superacid

137
Q

What is a Base’s Chemical opposite

A

Acid

138
Q

The solutions that contain Base have what pH

A

More than 7

139
Q

All alkalis are what

A

Bases

140
Q

All alkalis are Bases but not all Bases are what

A

Alkalis

141
Q

What are bases favorite ion

A

It is a donor of negative OH- Ions

142
Q

What is an OH-Ion

A

Water minus a hydrogen ion

143
Q

How do bases work

A

When mixed with water, they steal positive H+ ions from the H20 molecules. This floods a solution with super reactive OH- ions.

144
Q

What is the strongest base

A

Sodium Hydroxide

145
Q

What is a weak base

A

Ammonia

146
Q

Number on pH scale

A

More than 7

147
Q

What is pH

A

Measure of a Solution’s acidity or the amount of H+ ions

148
Q

pH is crucial to what 2 things

A

The body and Ocean chemistry

149
Q

The pH of 7 is known as what

A

Neutral

150
Q

What does the abbreviation pH stand for

A

Power of Hydrogen

151
Q

What is the pH of Blood

A

7.4 pH

152
Q

What do we call the pH of blood

A

Physiological pH

153
Q

What is the pH of pure distilled water

A

7

154
Q

What is the pH of rainwater

A

About 5.2

155
Q

What is a Universal Indicator

A

A simple way of testing for pH with a spectrum of colors

156
Q

What does red indicate in Universal Indicator

A

Strong acid

157
Q

What does green indicate in Universal Indicator

A

Indicates Neutral

158
Q

What does purple indicate in Universal Indicator

A

Indicates Strong base

159
Q

What is distillation

A

A technique that has been used as early as 500 B.C and is used to separate two or more liquids due to the fact each liquid has a different melting point

160
Q

What is Precipitation

A

Precipitation defined as the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the ‘precipitate’. The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ‘precipitant’.

161
Q

What is the liquid remaining in a Precipitation processes called

A

Supernate

162
Q

What is Chromatography

A

Separates the contents of the complex mixtures for analysis

163
Q

Which Greek words did Chromatography come from

A

Chroma ( Color ) and Graph ( writing )

164
Q

Hydrocarbons are a type of what

A

Molecule

165
Q

Why are hydrocarbons cracked

A

To produce new and useful chemicals

166
Q

Methane Contains what type of bond

A

Covalent

167
Q

The melting and boiling points of Hydrocarbons increase as the number of what increases

A

The number of carbons in the chain increases

168
Q

When is a Hydrocarbon a liquid at room temperature

A

When it only has 5 or 6 carbon atoms

169
Q

With more Carbon atoms Hydrocarbons are found in which state

A

Waxes or low-melting solids and solid polymers

170
Q

What is the formula for Methane

A

CH4

171
Q

Where was the first oil well first drilled

A

Baku, Azerbaijan ( 1948 )

172
Q

Where are the largest oil reserves located

A

The Middle East ( 63% of total)

173
Q

What is the chemical formula for Ethanol

A

C2H5OH

174
Q

What is the freezing point of Ethanol

A

-173 degrees Fahrenheit or -114 degrees Celsius

175
Q

What is a Carboxylic Acid

A

A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the alkyl group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids

176
Q

What Classification do Carboxylic Acid fall in

A

Organic or Natural Acid

177
Q

How is the odor of Carboxylic Acid

A

Strong

178
Q

What is the formula of Methanoic acid

A

HCOOH

179
Q

What is the main use of Esters

A

For food flavoring or perfume

180
Q

Where is Ester found

A

In nature and is in the classification of Organic acid

181
Q

How is Ester formed

A

They are made during an esterification reaction. This happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol.

182
Q

Esters are well known as what

A

Long polymers in polyesters

183
Q

What is the sweetest Ester

A

Ethylethanoate

184
Q

What is the most delicate Ester

A

Essential oils from plants

185
Q

Who made the first synthetic dye, mauve, in 1856

A

W. H. Perkins

186
Q

What were early dyes made from

A

Plants and rusty earth pigments

187
Q

What is the most expensive dye

A

Lapis Lazuli

188
Q

Beets and Saffron are what types of dyes

A

Vegetable dyes

189
Q

How is energy sucked up through chemical reactions

A

By endothermic reactions

190
Q

How many reactions does the human body have per second

A

400 billion

191
Q

How is energy released or given out during Chemical Reactions

A

By exothermic reactions

192
Q

The speed of Chemical reactions is called the what

A

Rate of reaction

193
Q

What are the ingredients or materials used in chemical reactions called

A

reactants

194
Q

What are the results of a chemical reaction called

A

Products

195
Q

What does a Reactivity Series tell you

A

The best way to extract the metallic bounty ore

196
Q

The more reactive the metal the more readily it will lose what and transform them into what

A

It will lose electrons to form positive ions

197
Q

What makes up Thermite

A

Iron Oxide + Aluminum +Molten Iron + Aluminum Oxide

198
Q

What is the fastest Metal reactant

A

Potassium

199
Q

What is the most Reactive Metal

A

Potassium

200
Q

What is the least Reactive Metal

A

Platinum

201
Q

What is Combustion

A

A redox ( or reduction-oxidation) Reaction

202
Q

When does Combustion happen

A

Occurs when a fuel combines completely with the oxygen components of air .

203
Q

What type of reaction is Combustion

A

Exothermic which means it gives off heat

204
Q

Materials with low ignition points are prone to what

A

Spontaneous Combustion

205
Q

Combustion Chemical name

A

Chemical name for Burning

206
Q

What is the Ignition Point

A

The point where a substance burns

207
Q

What happens in Incomplete Combustion

A

Yellow Flames

208
Q

What is Activation Energy

A

A bright spark which is the start to a chemical reaction

209
Q

The Higher the AE or Activation Energy the more of what is needed to start a Chemical Reaction

A

The more energy is needed to start the chemical reaction

210
Q

What is Rusting an example of

A

High AE

211
Q

What is Rusting

A

Where iron turns slowly into iron oxide

212
Q

Heat and Light are both sources for what

A

Sources for AE

213
Q

What is another name for the amount of AE to start the reaction

A

Energy Barrier

214
Q

What are reactions with low AE called

A

Spontaneous

215
Q

What does Catalyst do

A

Makes reactions go faster but doesn’t affect their yield

216
Q

What does Catalyst decrease

A

A reaction AE so less energy is used and can happen at lower temperatures and faster too.

217
Q

During a reaction what happens to catalyst

A

It isn’t destroyer nor changed

218
Q

What does catalyst allow to form

A

Intermediate Compounds

219
Q

What Catalyzes the breakdown of the Ozone layer

A

CFCs ( chlorofluorocarbons )

220
Q

What is the most common Catalyst

A

H+ (proton)

221
Q

What unit is used to measure catalytic activity

A

kat

222
Q

What are the top catalysts

A

Zeolites, graphite, and Platinum

223
Q

What are Enzymes

A

Catalysts for the chemical processes in living things and make bodily reactions go a million times faster

224
Q

What is always found in proteins

A

Enzymes

225
Q

Where are Enzymes located in the human body

A

Saliva, Stomach acids, and in Cells

226
Q

What do Enzymes do

A

To move along chemical reactions that break down food, copy your DNA, transmit signals from the nerves to the brain, and govern emotions

227
Q

Due to Enzymes Protein gobbling powers make them powerful what

A

Commercial Chemicals

228
Q

What is the most Common Enzymes on Earth

A

RuBisCO

229
Q

What is the Number of Enzymes in the human body

A

About 4,000

230
Q

All names of Enzymes end with what

A

-ase

231
Q

What is The Karman Line

A

The imaginary line that marks the boundary between Earth’s Atmosphere and space

232
Q

How high up is the Karman Line

A

60 miles from Earth’s crust

233
Q

How much Nitrogen is in the air

A

78.08%

234
Q

How much oxygen is in the air

A

20.95%

235
Q

How much Carbon Dioxide is in the air

A

0.038%

236
Q

What is the saltiest sea in the world

A

the Dead Sea

237
Q

What is the formula for common slat

A

NaCl (sodium chloride)

238
Q

Seawater covers how much of Earth’s surface

A

2/3 or two-thirds

239
Q

When does salt water freeze

A

28 degrees Fahrenheit or -2 degrees Celsius

240
Q

Why is it easier to float on salt-water

A

Because of its increased density

241
Q

What is the Salinity of Seawater

A

3.1% to 3.8%

242
Q

What are ores

A

Rocks that contain minerals, gemstones, or metal

243
Q

Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Tin are all examples of what type of metal

A

Base Metals

244
Q

Cast iron, Pig Iron, and Steel are all examples of what type of metal

A

Ferrous Metals

245
Q

Gold, Silver, and Platinum are all examples of what types of metals

A

Noble Metals

246
Q

Metallic Bonds account for metals what

A

Conductivity and Malleability

247
Q

What is an Alloy

A

A man-made Metal that has steel

248
Q

How is a Alloy made

A

It is made by melting 2 metals to form a solid solution

249
Q

What do Alloys have instead of a Melting Point

A

A Melting Range

250
Q

Burning of Fossil Fuels give off what

A

CO2 and Sulfur Dioxide

251
Q

What is water in terms of pH

A

Neutral

252
Q

What is water

A

A Universal Solvent

253
Q

What happens to water when it freezes

A

It becomes less dense causing ice to float

254
Q

What is the third most abundant Element on earth

A

Oxygen

255
Q

Who discovered Oxygen

A

Joseph Priestley (1774)

256
Q

Which natural features release CO2

A

Volcanoes and Geysers

257
Q

What type of gas is Carbon Dioxide

A

A Greenhouse Gas

258
Q

What is the freezing point of CO2

A

-108 degrees Fahrenheit or -78 degrees Celsius

259
Q

Since CO2 goes straight from a liquid to a gas what is it

A

A sublime

260
Q

What color is Ozone gas

A

Light Blue

261
Q

What color is Ozone in Liquid State

A

Dark Blue

262
Q

What color is Ozone in Solid State

A

Violet-Black

263
Q

What does Ozone do

A

Shields Earth from a high altitude

264
Q

What is the chemical formula of Ozone

A

O3

265
Q

What are Greenhouse Gasses

A

Gasses that absorb Radiation

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