Kevin's Cards about Chemistry Flashcards
What is the lowest-energy state of matter
Solids
Which State of Matter doesn’t change in Volume
Solids
What are Proteins
Biological Solids found in living matter
How do pure solids form
They form very slowly
What are Pure Solids called
Crystals
What is the densest solid
Osmium ( 23 x heavier than Water )
What is the lightest solid
Aerogel ( 530 x lighter than Water )
What is the Lightest Metal
Lithium ( floats on water )
What is a liquid
A medium-energy state of matter that can’t exist in a vacuum
What causes surface tension
Mutual Attraction between my molecules causes surface tension
What is liquid mercury’s surface tension
It is very high in Surface Tension but is actually dry
What is the number of liquid elements on the Periodic Table
There are 2
What is the lightest liquid
Ether ( 0.7 x Water )
Which State of Matter has the highest energy
Gas
What color is chlorine gas
Green
Exuberance Meaning
Full of energy
What was the first use of Mustard Gas
It was a weapon in WWI due to its deadly poison
What is the Heaviest gas
Fluoride ( 14 x air )
What is the lightest gas
Hydrogen
Volatile Meaning with gasses
Molecules that form gasses easily
What is is called when a solid turns directly into a gas
This is called Sublimation
What is the melting point of H20 at sea level
32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 Degrees Celsius
Which material has the highest melting point
Tungsten
Which material has the lowest melting point
Helium
Boiling point of H20
212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius
Which material has the highest boiling point
Tungsten
Which material has the lowest boiling point
Helium
What is Brownian Motion
The theory that describes how particles move in Liquids and Gasses
What type of energy is the biggest mixer of molecules in liquids
Thermal Energy
What does Brownian motion do to molecules
Makes them bash all over the place
Who was Brownian Motion named after
Mr. Brown ( 1827 )
What did Einstein find about the “random walk’’ also known as Brownian Motion
That this movement happens because the particle is being battered around by the invisible motion of molecules in the liquid
What did Mr. Brown first think when he saw a pollen grain moving in water
He thought it was alive
Who was the first to record Brownian Motion
Jan Ingen-Housz ( 1785 )
Who was the first to explain Brownian Motion
Albert Einstein ( 1905 )
How many known elements are there
118 Elements
How are compounds made
By combining different elements
What is an element made of
Atoms of all the same type
What is an element in matter
One of the basic building blocks
What is the lightest element
Hydrogen with only a single proton in its Nucleus
What is the most reactive metal
Francium
What is the most reactive Nonmetal
Fluorine
What is the number of natural occurring elements
92
What is the most common element
Hydrogen
What is the heaviest element
Element 118 ( Ununoctium )
How is a compound formed and broken apart
By a chemical reaction
What is the total number of Known Compounds
61 Million
Salt is an example of what type of compound
An Ionic Compound
Water is an example of what type of compound
A Covalent Compound
Concrete and soil are examples of what type of mixtures
Solid Mixtures
Milk is an example of what type of mixture
A Solid-Liquid Mixture
Lemonade is an example of what type of Mixture
A liquid mixture
What is the Periodic Table used for
To organize the elements in a neat way
Who is Element 101, Mendelevium, Named after
Mendeleev
What is Group 1 of the Periodic Table
Reactive Metals
What are the elements in the center called
Transition Metals
What is Group 18 in the Periodic Table called
Inert, or noble, Gasses
What is an atom
An atomic Particle that has no overall electrical charge
How is the Periodic Table Arranged
By atomic number order
What materials are the universe made of
Atoms
What is the center of an atom called
The Nucleus
What is located in the Nucleus
The nucleus is made up of tightly packed positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
What is around the Nucleus
Negatively charged electrons
How many electrons does the first shell contain
Two electrons
How many electrons does the second shell contain
Eight electrons
How many electrons does the third shell contain
Eighteen electrons
What does the number of protons determine
What type of element the object is
The electrons are used for what
Chemistry, and to pair and share with other atoms to create ions
The number of electrons must equal the number of what
Protons
The atomic number equals the amount of what
Protons
The mass number equals the amount of what
The number of Protons added by the Number of neutrons
What are Isotopes
Atoms with different mass numbers but equal atomic numbers
Isotopes vary in the number of what
Neutrons in their atomic Nucleus
Isotopes that decay are called what
Radioisotopes
Atoms and Isotopes go through the same what
They have the same chemistry and the same reactions
What is the difference between Atoms and Isotopes
They have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei sometimes more and sometimes less
How many Neutrons and Protons do Carbon 12 have
6 protons and 6 neutrons
How many Neutrons and Protons do Carbon 14 have
6 protons and 8 neutrons
What is carbon 14 used for
Carbon Dating
What is Carbon Dating
Guessing an objects age
What is an Ion
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons
What holds Ions together
Strong electrostatic forces hold them together
What do Ions do
Make Metals and Nonmetals connect in “salty” crystal lattices and make positive metals and negative nonmetals ions together in a ionic brace. This is a Ionic compound
How are ions made
They transfer electrons from the outer shells to fill them up. This creates positively and negatively charged ions making chemical reactions possible.
What are the properties of Ionic Compounds
Rock solid with high melting and boiling points; brittle crystals that dissolve in polar solvents ( like Water ); and conductors of electricity when molten or in a solution.
Table salt is known as what type of compound
A compound made from ( sodium Chloride ) and is a well-known ionic compound
What is the melting/boiling point of Ionic compounds
Very High
Groups 1 and 2 ( Ionic metals) lose what
Electrons
Groups 6 and 7 ( Ionic Nonmetals ) gain what
Electrons
What is a molecule
Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
Molecules with high atomic number have a strong what
Intermolecular Bonds
What is the smallest molecule
Hydrogen (0.00000015mm)
How strong are bonds between atoms
Very strong
How strong are Intermolecular Forces
Very Weak
Giant Molecules go well with which Elements
Carbon, Silicon, and Oxygen
What type of bond do Giant Molecules contain
Covalent Bonds
Atoms In Giant Molecules are linked together by what
Covalent Bonds
Materials made of Giant Molecules usually have what characteristics
They are hard, sometimes brittle, and have a high melting point
Diamond, Graphite, and Buckyballs are all made from which material
Carbon
What is a Buckeyball
A rock like sphere
What is the hardest material that contains a Giant Molecule
Diamond
What is the boiling point of Giant Molecules
Very high
What is the melting point of diamond
6,500 degrees Fahrenheit or 3,600 degrees Celsius
What makes up a Polymer
Chains of small molecules form this giant molecule
What was the old way to make Polymers
Manmade
Cellulose and Amber are examples of what type of Polymer
Natural Polymer
Nylon and PVC are example of what type of Polymer
Man-made Polymers
What is the reaction that takes place in polymers called
Addition Polymerization
What are Nanoparticles used for
They get added to materials to lend them superpowers
How thin are Nanoparticles
10,000 times thinner than a cat’s whisker
Why is it when you add Nanoparticles to a material it is more effective
Because it has much more surface area to its volume, which makes the atoms at its surface much more reactive and powerful
What Nanoparticles are added to sunscreen
Zinc Oxide Nanos since they are amazing absorbers of UV light
How many meters is one nanometer
0.000,000,001 Meter
What is the size of a Nanoparticle
1-10 nm
What is another name for Nanoscience
Nanotechnology
What is the real name of Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro constant
What does Avogadro Constant
How many molecules in a mole of Gas
The Avogadro Constant
6.022 141 79 (30) x 10 by the power of 23 mol-1
Who was Avogadro Constant Named after
Amedio Avogadro
What is the Number of the Avogadro Constant
6022 followed by 20 zeros or 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
What is a mole used for
A mole is a unit of measurement
What is the symbol of a mole
Mol
One mole has how many particles
6.02 x 10 by the power of 23
A mole serving of any Element or Compound always contains the same number as what
The same number of atoms or molecules, as given in Avogadro’s Number
The weight of each mole equals the same as what
The atomic mass of each Element, measured in grams (for example, 1 mole of elemental Oxygen = 16g)
What is the weight of gaseous Oxygen (O2)
16 x 2=32g
1 Mole equals what
The number of particles in 12g of pure carbon
What is Acid’s pH
It is very low
What is the chemical opposite of Acid
A Base
What gives Acid its acidic nature
Its ability to lose hydrogen ions
What is the process of Acid losing Hydrogen Ions
In the presence of Water, it disassociate, breaking into a negative ion and a positive hydrogen ion (H+). This positive ion is a spare proton (which is why they are called a proton donor). It’s free to react with other chemicals in a solution and can create ten kinds of havoc.
Really strong acids instantly let loose how many H+ ions
100%
Weak acids loose how many H+ ions
Barely and disassociate much less
What is Acid’s number on the pH table
Less than 7
Which Acid is weak but corrosive
Methane Acid
Which Acid is strong but Mild
Carborane Superacid
What is a Base’s Chemical opposite
Acid
The solutions that contain Base have what pH
More than 7
All alkalis are what
Bases
All alkalis are Bases but not all Bases are what
Alkalis
What are bases favorite ion
It is a donor of negative OH- Ions
What is an OH-Ion
Water minus a hydrogen ion
How do bases work
When mixed with water, they steal positive H+ ions from the H20 molecules. This floods a solution with super reactive OH- ions.
What is the strongest base
Sodium Hydroxide
What is a weak base
Ammonia
Number on pH scale
More than 7
What is pH
Measure of a Solution’s acidity or the amount of H+ ions
pH is crucial to what 2 things
The body and Ocean chemistry
The pH of 7 is known as what
Neutral
What does the abbreviation pH stand for
Power of Hydrogen
What is the pH of Blood
7.4 pH
What do we call the pH of blood
Physiological pH
What is the pH of pure distilled water
7
What is the pH of rainwater
About 5.2
What is a Universal Indicator
A simple way of testing for pH with a spectrum of colors
What does red indicate in Universal Indicator
Strong acid
What does green indicate in Universal Indicator
Indicates Neutral
What does purple indicate in Universal Indicator
Indicates Strong base
What is distillation
A technique that has been used as early as 500 B.C and is used to separate two or more liquids due to the fact each liquid has a different melting point
What is Precipitation
Precipitation defined as the creation of a solid from a solution. When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution, the solid formed is called the ‘precipitate’. The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ‘precipitant’.
What is the liquid remaining in a Precipitation processes called
Supernate
What is Chromatography
Separates the contents of the complex mixtures for analysis
Which Greek words did Chromatography come from
Chroma ( Color ) and Graph ( writing )
Hydrocarbons are a type of what
Molecule
Why are hydrocarbons cracked
To produce new and useful chemicals
Methane Contains what type of bond
Covalent
The melting and boiling points of Hydrocarbons increase as the number of what increases
The number of carbons in the chain increases
When is a Hydrocarbon a liquid at room temperature
When it only has 5 or 6 carbon atoms
With more Carbon atoms Hydrocarbons are found in which state
Waxes or low-melting solids and solid polymers
What is the formula for Methane
CH4
Where was the first oil well first drilled
Baku, Azerbaijan ( 1948 )
Where are the largest oil reserves located
The Middle East ( 63% of total)
What is the chemical formula for Ethanol
C2H5OH
What is the freezing point of Ethanol
-173 degrees Fahrenheit or -114 degrees Celsius
What is a Carboxylic Acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R–COOH, with R referring to the alkyl group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids
What Classification do Carboxylic Acid fall in
Organic or Natural Acid
How is the odor of Carboxylic Acid
Strong
What is the formula of Methanoic acid
HCOOH
What is the main use of Esters
For food flavoring or perfume
Where is Ester found
In nature and is in the classification of Organic acid
How is Ester formed
They are made during an esterification reaction. This happens when a carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol.
Esters are well known as what
Long polymers in polyesters
What is the sweetest Ester
Ethylethanoate
What is the most delicate Ester
Essential oils from plants
Who made the first synthetic dye, mauve, in 1856
W. H. Perkins
What were early dyes made from
Plants and rusty earth pigments
What is the most expensive dye
Lapis Lazuli
Beets and Saffron are what types of dyes
Vegetable dyes
How is energy sucked up through chemical reactions
By endothermic reactions
How many reactions does the human body have per second
400 billion
How is energy released or given out during Chemical Reactions
By exothermic reactions
The speed of Chemical reactions is called the what
Rate of reaction
What are the ingredients or materials used in chemical reactions called
reactants
What are the results of a chemical reaction called
Products
What does a Reactivity Series tell you
The best way to extract the metallic bounty ore
The more reactive the metal the more readily it will lose what and transform them into what
It will lose electrons to form positive ions
What makes up Thermite
Iron Oxide + Aluminum +Molten Iron + Aluminum Oxide
What is the fastest Metal reactant
Potassium
What is the most Reactive Metal
Potassium
What is the least Reactive Metal
Platinum
What is Combustion
A redox ( or reduction-oxidation) Reaction
When does Combustion happen
Occurs when a fuel combines completely with the oxygen components of air .
What type of reaction is Combustion
Exothermic which means it gives off heat
Materials with low ignition points are prone to what
Spontaneous Combustion
Combustion Chemical name
Chemical name for Burning
What is the Ignition Point
The point where a substance burns
What happens in Incomplete Combustion
Yellow Flames
What is Activation Energy
A bright spark which is the start to a chemical reaction
The Higher the AE or Activation Energy the more of what is needed to start a Chemical Reaction
The more energy is needed to start the chemical reaction
What is Rusting an example of
High AE
What is Rusting
Where iron turns slowly into iron oxide
Heat and Light are both sources for what
Sources for AE
What is another name for the amount of AE to start the reaction
Energy Barrier
What are reactions with low AE called
Spontaneous
What does Catalyst do
Makes reactions go faster but doesn’t affect their yield
What does Catalyst decrease
A reaction AE so less energy is used and can happen at lower temperatures and faster too.
During a reaction what happens to catalyst
It isn’t destroyer nor changed
What does catalyst allow to form
Intermediate Compounds
What Catalyzes the breakdown of the Ozone layer
CFCs ( chlorofluorocarbons )
What is the most common Catalyst
H+ (proton)
What unit is used to measure catalytic activity
kat
What are the top catalysts
Zeolites, graphite, and Platinum
What are Enzymes
Catalysts for the chemical processes in living things and make bodily reactions go a million times faster
What is always found in proteins
Enzymes
Where are Enzymes located in the human body
Saliva, Stomach acids, and in Cells
What do Enzymes do
To move along chemical reactions that break down food, copy your DNA, transmit signals from the nerves to the brain, and govern emotions
Due to Enzymes Protein gobbling powers make them powerful what
Commercial Chemicals
What is the most Common Enzymes on Earth
RuBisCO
What is the Number of Enzymes in the human body
About 4,000
All names of Enzymes end with what
-ase
What is The Karman Line
The imaginary line that marks the boundary between Earth’s Atmosphere and space
How high up is the Karman Line
60 miles from Earth’s crust
How much Nitrogen is in the air
78.08%
How much oxygen is in the air
20.95%
How much Carbon Dioxide is in the air
0.038%
What is the saltiest sea in the world
the Dead Sea
What is the formula for common slat
NaCl (sodium chloride)
Seawater covers how much of Earth’s surface
2/3 or two-thirds
When does salt water freeze
28 degrees Fahrenheit or -2 degrees Celsius
Why is it easier to float on salt-water
Because of its increased density
What is the Salinity of Seawater
3.1% to 3.8%
What are ores
Rocks that contain minerals, gemstones, or metal
Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Tin are all examples of what type of metal
Base Metals
Cast iron, Pig Iron, and Steel are all examples of what type of metal
Ferrous Metals
Gold, Silver, and Platinum are all examples of what types of metals
Noble Metals
Metallic Bonds account for metals what
Conductivity and Malleability
What is an Alloy
A man-made Metal that has steel
How is a Alloy made
It is made by melting 2 metals to form a solid solution
What do Alloys have instead of a Melting Point
A Melting Range
Burning of Fossil Fuels give off what
CO2 and Sulfur Dioxide
What is water in terms of pH
Neutral
What is water
A Universal Solvent
What happens to water when it freezes
It becomes less dense causing ice to float
What is the third most abundant Element on earth
Oxygen
Who discovered Oxygen
Joseph Priestley (1774)
Which natural features release CO2
Volcanoes and Geysers
What type of gas is Carbon Dioxide
A Greenhouse Gas
What is the freezing point of CO2
-108 degrees Fahrenheit or -78 degrees Celsius
Since CO2 goes straight from a liquid to a gas what is it
A sublime
What color is Ozone gas
Light Blue
What color is Ozone in Liquid State
Dark Blue
What color is Ozone in Solid State
Violet-Black
What does Ozone do
Shields Earth from a high altitude
What is the chemical formula of Ozone
O3
What are Greenhouse Gasses
Gasses that absorb Radiation
