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Kevin's Cards > Kevin's Cards about Cells > Flashcards

Kevin's Cards about Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Microscope Definition

A

a tool made out of lenses that is used to magnify small objects.

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2
Q

What is the most common microscope

A

A compound microscope

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3
Q

Who was the first person to discover cells in 1665

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Why did Robert Hooke call the boxes he saw in the microscope cells

A

He thought these compartment-like boxes looked like small rooms in a building, much like modern jail cells. This led him to call these boxes “cells.”

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5
Q

In 1674 who was the first scientist to see living cells

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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6
Q

What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek use to see the cells and what did he call them in 1674

A

He used a microscope to view living cells moving in a sample of pond water. He called these moving cells “animalcules,” meaning “small animals.”

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7
Q

In 1838 who made the first public scientific statement about cells

A

Botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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8
Q

What did Matthias Jakob Schleiden about cells in 1838

A

He proposed that all plant tissue is made of cells and that cells were the basic building blocks of all plants.

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9
Q

Theodor Schwann was the first to do what

A

Schwann was the first to make the connection between living organisms and cells.

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10
Q

What did Theodor Schwann state

A

He stated that one or more cells make up an organism, and that cells are the basic unit of structure for all life.

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11
Q

What did Walter Flemming discover

A

Walter Flemming later discovered that cells reproduce by dividing

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12
Q

What did Rudolf Virchow add to other scientists’ past claims about cells in 1885

A

All cells develop from preexisting cells

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13
Q

What invention made it possible for scientists to discover the cell

A

The microscope

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14
Q

What is a Cell

A

the basic unit of life

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15
Q

What is a group of cells called

A

A tissue

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16
Q

What is a group of 2 or more tissues combined called

A

An organ

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17
Q

What is a group of 2 or more organs working together

A

An organ system

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18
Q

Cell Theory meaning

A

Explains the relationship between cells and living things over time.

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19
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of the cell theory

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.
  3. New cells are created by the division of preexisting cells.
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20
Q

What are the 4 types of microscopes

A

Dissecting microscope, compound microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM)

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21
Q

What do dissecting microscopes do

A

Magnifies objects that are visible

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22
Q

What do compound microscopes do

A

Allows you to see objects as small as bacteria

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23
Q

What do transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) do

A

Uses electrons to show a thin slice of a cell

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24
Q

What do scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) do

A

Uses electrons to create a 3-D image of microscopic structures

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25
Q

Cell Membrane Definition

A

a thin, flexible envelope, primarily made up of lipids, that surrounds a cell and controls what substances enter and leave it

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26
Q

Cytoplasm Definition

A

A mixture of water and chemicals that moves necessary chemicals and organelles from place to place within the cell

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27
Q

Organelle Definition

A

A tiny structure that carries out a specific function in the cell

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28
Q

Ribosomes Definition

A

A cell organelle that makes protein from the instructions of the DNA

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29
Q

Chloroplast Definition

A

These are the organelles that conduct photosynthesis. These organelles contain chlorophyll that capture the suns energy and converts it into usable energy for the plant

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30
Q

Mitochondria Definition

A

The organelles that convert food energy into a form of energy that the cell can use to carry out its functions

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31
Q

ATP Definition

A

the main source of cellular energy

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32
Q

Nucleus Definition

A

The boss of the cell and contains DNA which gives instructions to the ribosomes to make protein

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33
Q

Nucleolus Definition

A

Within the nucleus and makes ribosomes

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34
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition

A

Folded membranes in which materials can be processed and moved in the cell

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35
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition

A

A cell organelle that transports proteins to other locations in the cell (ribosomes attached)

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36
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition

A

A cell organelle that creates and stores large molecules and charged particles (no ribosomes)

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37
Q

Golgi Apparatus Definition

A

The organelle that packages and distributes proteins to other parts of the cell or for release into the body and package cell products into vesicles.

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38
Q

Vesicles Definition

A

Sacs containing cell products that are sent out of the cell.

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39
Q

Vacuole Definition

A

An organelles that stores water, food, and waste products until they are needed or can be released from the cell. ( Temporary Storage )

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40
Q

Lysosomes Definition

A

Organelles that contain chemicals to break down food, waste, and worn out cell parts.

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41
Q

What does the cell membrane communicate with

A

Other cells

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42
Q

Selective Permeable Definition

A

Only lets certain substances into and out of the cell

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43
Q

Cell Wall Definition

A

A thick, rigid layer that surrounds most cells, providing them with protection and giving them shape

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44
Q

What are Cell Walls made up of

A

Made up of cellulose

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45
Q

What are the 3 organelles that plant cells contain, but animal cells don’t

A

Cell wall, chloroplast, and large vacuole

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46
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cell’s vacuoles

A

Plants have one large one and animals have many small ones

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47
Q

Why do plants need chloroplasts

A

To preform photosynthesis

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48
Q

What 3 activities do cells need to manage

A

Energy consumption, protein production, and waste management

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49
Q

What substances does a cell membrane all into and out of a cell

A

The cell membrane allows oxygen and nutrients in and carbon dioxide and cell waste out. Water can be transported both in and out to maintain the right amount in the cell

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50
Q

Passive Transport Definition

A

Passive Transport is the movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of energy

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51
Q

Diffusion Definition

A

the spreading of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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52
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of materials across the cell membrane that requires cellular energy

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53
Q

Concertation Gradient Definition

A

The gradual difference in the number of particles from one spot in a solution to another

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54
Q

Endocytosis Definition

A

The process of a cell’s membrane surrounding something outside the cell and forming a bubble of membrane around it to bring it into the cell in a vacuole or vesicle

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55
Q

Exocytosis Definition

A

The merging of the membrane of a vesicle (or vacuole) originally inside the cell with the plasma membrane of the cell, opening the vesicle to the cell, releasing the vesicle’s original contents to the outside

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56
Q

Osmosis Definition

A

The diffusion of water

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57
Q

What is the process of passive transport

A

In passive transport, the cell membrane moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a concentration gradient

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58
Q

Transport Protein Definition

A

Proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane. Transport proteins are needed to move molecules from areas of low concentrations to areas of high concentration. They do this by changing the shape of the substance

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59
Q

What causes diffusion

A

The random movement of molecules causes diffusion (Brownian Motion)

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60
Q

Do substances diffuse faster in a gas or a liquid

A

In a gas

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61
Q

Why do substances diffuse faster in a gas than they do in a liquid

A

The molecules in gasses move more than the molecules in liquids increasing the rate of diffusion

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62
Q

Tissue Definition

A

Groups of cells with a common structure and function that work together

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63
Q

Organ Definition

A

A specialized body part that performs a specific function to help systems carry out life processes

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64
Q

Organ System Definition

A

A group of organs that work together to carry out processes than an organism needs to survive

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65
Q

Nerve Cells Size and Shape

A

Carry signals from place to place in the body so they can be very long

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66
Q

Red Blood Cells Size and Shape

A

Tiny flexible discs and their structure allows them to squeeze through very narrow blood vessels

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67
Q

Xylem Cells Size and Shape

A

Are long and hallow so they act like a straw and transport water and nutrient throughout the plant

68
Q

What is the main function of the plasma membrane

A

To let things in and out of the cell (semi-permeable) and surrounds the cell forming the surface

69
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain genetic information where

A

In the nucleoid of the cell

70
Q

The cell size can be measured by what

A

Volume and Surface Area

71
Q

The volume of a cell determines what

A

The volume determines how much material and energy is needed.

72
Q

What does doubling a cell’s volume do

A

Doubling a cell’s volume will double the amount of materials and energy needed to sustain it.

73
Q

The surface area of a cell determines what

A

The surface area determines how fast materials can get in and out of the cell

74
Q

What does doubling a cell’s surface area do

A

Doubling the surface area can double the rate at which the materials move through the membrane

75
Q

What happens when a cell gets larger without changing its shape

A

Its volume increases more than its surface area

76
Q

What happens when a cell becomes too large

A

Material cannot pass in and out of the cell fast enough to support the contents of the cell

77
Q

This one-celled bacteria can be both good and bad. What is it

A

E.Coli

78
Q

This is a one celled organism that is oval, and it is sometimes described a “slippery snapped”. It gets rid of extra water using its contractive vacuole. What is it

A

Paramecium

79
Q

This one-celled organism has a bell-shaped body and a stalk. It uses the stalk to attach to its environment. The stalk can quickly coil to help this one-celled creature avoid danger. What is it

A

Vircolla

80
Q

What happens when a cell doubles in volume (detailed)

A

A cell that doubles in volume will need double the amount of materials and energy to keep it alive. If the surface area doesn’t also double, the rate of exchange of molecules across its membrane will not be enough for the cell to survive

81
Q

What is the formula of a cell (ratio)

A

Surface area/volume & Surface area to volume

82
Q

Pili (sing.: pilus) Definition

A

A stingy extension of the outside surface of a prokaryotic cell that attaches it to a surface or another cell

83
Q

Plasmid Definition

A

A small, circular unit of DNA that replicates within a cell separating its contents from the outside world

84
Q

What is one important similarity between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

They both have components that allow them to meet life’s challenges

85
Q

What are the 3 shapes of prokaryotic cells

A

Spherical, elongated( rod-shaped ), or spiral

86
Q

Do prokaryotes have cell walls

A

Yes, many do

87
Q

Is a nucleoid surrounded by a membrane

A

No

88
Q

Do prokaryotes have ribosomes

A

Yes

89
Q

Concentration Definition

A

The amount of something in a given volume

90
Q

Concentration Gradient Definition

A

The region over which there is a change in concentration of a substance

91
Q

Hydrophilic Definition

A

Water loving; soluble in water

92
Q

Hydrophobic Definition

A

Water hating; not soluble in water

93
Q

How many layers does a plasma membrane have

A

It has two layers called a bilayer

94
Q

What are the plasma membrane’s layers made up of

A

The layers are made of molecules called phospholipids

95
Q

Phospholipids have what two features

A

They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail

96
Q

How are phospholipids organized in a cell’s membrane

A

They are organized so that the tails are in the middle and the heads are toward the cytoplasm (inner) or towards the out side of the cell (outer)

97
Q

Which one is larger: Vesicle or Vacuole

A

Vacuole

98
Q

What controls active transport (nickname)

A

Pump Protein

99
Q

What substances serve many purposes in the attempt to move molecules across a plasma membrane

A

Proteins

100
Q

Cytoskeleton Definition

A

A system of filaments and tubules made of proteins that give the cell its overall support and structure

101
Q

What is the ER composed of

A

The ER is a network of membranes in layers, sacs, and tubes where organic molecules are made

102
Q

Is the nuclear membrane separate from organelles

A

The nuclear membrane isn’t separate from organelles in the cell. It is connected to the endomembrane system

103
Q

What forms the Endomembrane system

A

The Er membranes work with the Golgi apparatus, the cell’s vesicles and vacuole, and are collectively known as the endomembrane system

104
Q

Endomembrane System Definition

A

A set of membranes making up structures in a eukaryotic cell, all of which are either interconnected or have an origin in the interconnected system

105
Q

What is the endomembrane system involved in

A

The endomembrane system is involved producing, sorting, and packaging materials of the cell

106
Q

What system is the Endomembrane System most like and how

A

Just as your circulatory system carries materials around your body, the endomembrane system also transports materials around the cell. Some parts of the endomembrane system also participate in transporting substances out of the cell

107
Q

What are the Flagella and Cilia made up of

A

Microtubules

108
Q

What does Cilia make possible

A

Cilia makes 3D motion possible and can propel cells or fluids forward of backward

109
Q

Where is Genetic Material contained in

A

Genetic is contained in a number of DNA - containing bodies called chromosomes

110
Q

There is a double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus. What is it called

A

The nuclear membrane

111
Q

One is a nucleolus and the plural sis what

A

Nucleoli

112
Q

Where are the genes that are involved in producing the ribosomes of the cell contained in

A

The nucleolus

113
Q

What materials are in cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm also contains dissolved enzymes that help break down larger molecules

114
Q

What are the components of the Golgi apparatus

A

The Golgi apparatus has layers, folds, and tubes of membranes. It is involved in synthesizing, sorting, packaging, and transporting various substances

115
Q

Where do the chemical reactions of cellular respiration occur

A

On the folds of membranes that fill mitochondria

116
Q

Photomicrograph Definition

A

A photograph of a microscopic image

117
Q

The typical animal cell measures about how long

A

About 10 to 30 micrometers across

118
Q

The typical plant cell measures about how long

A

About 10 to 100 micrometers across

119
Q

The oval shaped mitochondria are about how big

A

About 1 to 4 micrometers in length and about 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer in diameter

120
Q

The nucleus are about how big

A

A typical nucleus has a diameter of about 7 micrometers

121
Q

A typical ribosome has a diameter of about what

A

30 nanometers

122
Q

What are 2 plants that are used for beginning experiences in cell viewing

A

Onion and the Elodea plant

123
Q

What do onions contain

A

Onions contain amino acids sulfoxides, which are broken down by enzymes into a gas which makes us cry

124
Q

What have scientists learned to do to make cells more visible

A

Scientist have learned to add a variety of dyes and stains to cells to make different part more visible under a microscope

125
Q

What is most commonly used to make plant cells visible and is poisonous by itself

A

Iodine

126
Q

The cell membrane is supported by what

A

The cytoskeleton

127
Q

What is the last and most productive change of the mitochondria food conversion

A

Cellular respiration

128
Q

Where do the chemical reactions of cellular respiration take place

A

In the mitochondria

129
Q

What does the Endomembrane System do

A

Transports proteins out of the cell and to the cell’s membrane and also makes other molecules that makes up a cells’ membrane

130
Q

The pressure exerted by the central vacuole helps what

A

It helps support the cell

131
Q

Enzyme-linked receptor Definition

A

A type of receptor that changes an enzyme to an active state when the receptor’s specific signal molecule binds to it, so that the enzyme is ready to speed up the chemical reaction specific to the enzyme

132
Q

Gap Junction Definition

A

A protein-bounded pore that forms a direct connection of cytoplasm between the two different cells, and through which molecules can diffuse between the cells

133
Q

Intercellular Definition

A

Between different cells

134
Q

Intracellular Definition

A

Within a single cell

135
Q

Ion channel-linked receptor Definition

A

A type of receptor that changes the open or closed state of an associated an associated ion channel when the receptor’s specific signal molecule binds to it

136
Q

Receptor Definition

A

A molecule that matches only with a specific other molecule, and that causes changes when the signal molecule binds to it

137
Q

All sorts of actions are need to be coordinated for what

A

An organism to survive and reproduce effectively

138
Q

Most cellular actions can be understood in terms of what

A

In terms of the chemical reactions and interactions that are involved

139
Q

The signals going to your muscles telling them to contract are your what

A

Nerve Impulses

140
Q

How does information travel through a nerve cell to a muscle cell

A

The information is sent down the long axon of a nerve cell to the end where it releases a chemical message to the muscle

141
Q

Communication between cells generally involves what

A

Transmission of a chemical signal over distances

142
Q

Some adjacent animal cells have specialized connections called what

A

Gap Junctions

143
Q

What do the molecules of a gap junction indicate

A

The molecules indicate what a neighbor is up to and help synchronize the cell

144
Q

When do heart cells contract together

A

Heart cells contract together when electrical signals stimulating them flow quickly as ions go through gap junctions

145
Q

What are direct connections between cells in plants called

A

Plasmodesmata

146
Q

What do Plasmodesmata function similarly to

A

Gap junctions in plants

147
Q

What do plasmodesmata allow molecules to do

A

Plasmodesmata allow molecules to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell

148
Q

For adjacent cells that aren’t directly attached, molecules may diffuse how

A

Across the space between the cells

149
Q

How do terminals of nerve cells stimulate the next cell

A

By releasing molecules

150
Q

The molecule released from one to signal the other is called a what

A

Paracrine agent

151
Q

In multicellular organisms with circulatory or vascular systems (animals or plants), cells in one place in the organism can release agents called what and where

A

Hormones into the circulatory of vascular system

152
Q

What will the hormones then serve as

A

The hormones will then serve as signals for cells far away from the signaling cell

153
Q

Signals may even be transmitted from one multicellular organism to another by chemical signals called what

A

Pheromones

154
Q

Paracrine Agent Definition

A

Molecule released from one nearby cell to signal another not directly

155
Q

When the signal arrives at the destination cell, it must be translated into what

A

An action by the cell

156
Q

For an action by the cell to occur what must happen

A

Signals from one part of the cell to another via intracellular communication

157
Q

Besides being involved in response to messages from another cell what else does intracellular communication do

A

Intracellular communication is involved in organizing and coordinating all sorts of actions within the cell. This can include routine homeostasis and reaction to stimuli

158
Q

A nerve signal is a type of what

A

Intracellular communication

159
Q

What is a nerve signal

A

A nerve signal is a type of intracellular communication involving an electrical charge moving along the cell membrane like a wave

160
Q

The movement of a particular molecule or type of molecule from one place to another in the cell is an example of what

A

Intracellular communication

161
Q

What happens when a molecule gets to its destination in a cell

A

It causes a response

162
Q

A receptor molecule is usually what

A

A protein with a site that binds a particular signaling molecule

163
Q

A molecules receptor site is so specific that only one what can bind there

A

Only one compound or type of compound can bind there

164
Q

Molecules going through the membrane have what characteristics

A

They are either lipid soluble or are very small

165
Q

What is an example of a molecule that has the characteristics to pass through a plasma membrane

A

Steroid hormone

166
Q

What is required for a cell to communicate to itself

A

A nerve or molecular signal

167
Q

What role does the cell’s ability to obtain food play in cell size

A

A cell’s size is limited by the amount of food it requires for energy and its ability to obtain food

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