Kevin's Cards about Cells Flashcards
Microscope Definition
a tool made out of lenses that is used to magnify small objects.
What is the most common microscope
A compound microscope
Who was the first person to discover cells in 1665
Robert Hooke
Why did Robert Hooke call the boxes he saw in the microscope cells
He thought these compartment-like boxes looked like small rooms in a building, much like modern jail cells. This led him to call these boxes “cells.”
In 1674 who was the first scientist to see living cells
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek use to see the cells and what did he call them in 1674
He used a microscope to view living cells moving in a sample of pond water. He called these moving cells “animalcules,” meaning “small animals.”
In 1838 who made the first public scientific statement about cells
Botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden
What did Matthias Jakob Schleiden about cells in 1838
He proposed that all plant tissue is made of cells and that cells were the basic building blocks of all plants.
Theodor Schwann was the first to do what
Schwann was the first to make the connection between living organisms and cells.
What did Theodor Schwann state
He stated that one or more cells make up an organism, and that cells are the basic unit of structure for all life.
What did Walter Flemming discover
Walter Flemming later discovered that cells reproduce by dividing
What did Rudolf Virchow add to other scientists’ past claims about cells in 1885
All cells develop from preexisting cells
What invention made it possible for scientists to discover the cell
The microscope
What is a Cell
the basic unit of life
What is a group of cells called
A tissue
What is a group of 2 or more tissues combined called
An organ
What is a group of 2 or more organs working together
An organ system
Cell Theory meaning
Explains the relationship between cells and living things over time.
What are the 3 basic parts of the cell theory
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.
- New cells are created by the division of preexisting cells.
What are the 4 types of microscopes
Dissecting microscope, compound microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM)
What do dissecting microscopes do
Magnifies objects that are visible
What do compound microscopes do
Allows you to see objects as small as bacteria
What do transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) do
Uses electrons to show a thin slice of a cell
What do scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) do
Uses electrons to create a 3-D image of microscopic structures
Cell Membrane Definition
a thin, flexible envelope, primarily made up of lipids, that surrounds a cell and controls what substances enter and leave it
Cytoplasm Definition
A mixture of water and chemicals that moves necessary chemicals and organelles from place to place within the cell
Organelle Definition
A tiny structure that carries out a specific function in the cell
Ribosomes Definition
A cell organelle that makes protein from the instructions of the DNA
Chloroplast Definition
These are the organelles that conduct photosynthesis. These organelles contain chlorophyll that capture the suns energy and converts it into usable energy for the plant
Mitochondria Definition
The organelles that convert food energy into a form of energy that the cell can use to carry out its functions
ATP Definition
the main source of cellular energy
Nucleus Definition
The boss of the cell and contains DNA which gives instructions to the ribosomes to make protein
Nucleolus Definition
Within the nucleus and makes ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition
Folded membranes in which materials can be processed and moved in the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition
A cell organelle that transports proteins to other locations in the cell (ribosomes attached)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Definition
A cell organelle that creates and stores large molecules and charged particles (no ribosomes)
Golgi Apparatus Definition
The organelle that packages and distributes proteins to other parts of the cell or for release into the body and package cell products into vesicles.
Vesicles Definition
Sacs containing cell products that are sent out of the cell.
Vacuole Definition
An organelles that stores water, food, and waste products until they are needed or can be released from the cell. ( Temporary Storage )
Lysosomes Definition
Organelles that contain chemicals to break down food, waste, and worn out cell parts.
What does the cell membrane communicate with
Other cells
Selective Permeable Definition
Only lets certain substances into and out of the cell
Cell Wall Definition
A thick, rigid layer that surrounds most cells, providing them with protection and giving them shape
What are Cell Walls made up of
Made up of cellulose
What are the 3 organelles that plant cells contain, but animal cells don’t
Cell wall, chloroplast, and large vacuole
What is the difference between plant and animal cell’s vacuoles
Plants have one large one and animals have many small ones
Why do plants need chloroplasts
To preform photosynthesis
What 3 activities do cells need to manage
Energy consumption, protein production, and waste management
What substances does a cell membrane all into and out of a cell
The cell membrane allows oxygen and nutrients in and carbon dioxide and cell waste out. Water can be transported both in and out to maintain the right amount in the cell
Passive Transport Definition
Passive Transport is the movement of substances through the cell membrane without the use of energy
Diffusion Definition
the spreading of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active transport
The movement of materials across the cell membrane that requires cellular energy
Concertation Gradient Definition
The gradual difference in the number of particles from one spot in a solution to another
Endocytosis Definition
The process of a cell’s membrane surrounding something outside the cell and forming a bubble of membrane around it to bring it into the cell in a vacuole or vesicle
Exocytosis Definition
The merging of the membrane of a vesicle (or vacuole) originally inside the cell with the plasma membrane of the cell, opening the vesicle to the cell, releasing the vesicle’s original contents to the outside
Osmosis Definition
The diffusion of water
What is the process of passive transport
In passive transport, the cell membrane moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a concentration gradient
Transport Protein Definition
Proteins that are embedded in the cell membrane. Transport proteins are needed to move molecules from areas of low concentrations to areas of high concentration. They do this by changing the shape of the substance
What causes diffusion
The random movement of molecules causes diffusion (Brownian Motion)
Do substances diffuse faster in a gas or a liquid
In a gas
Why do substances diffuse faster in a gas than they do in a liquid
The molecules in gasses move more than the molecules in liquids increasing the rate of diffusion
Tissue Definition
Groups of cells with a common structure and function that work together
Organ Definition
A specialized body part that performs a specific function to help systems carry out life processes
Organ System Definition
A group of organs that work together to carry out processes than an organism needs to survive
Nerve Cells Size and Shape
Carry signals from place to place in the body so they can be very long
Red Blood Cells Size and Shape
Tiny flexible discs and their structure allows them to squeeze through very narrow blood vessels
Xylem Cells Size and Shape
Are long and hallow so they act like a straw and transport water and nutrient throughout the plant
What is the main function of the plasma membrane
To let things in and out of the cell (semi-permeable) and surrounds the cell forming the surface
Prokaryotic cells contain genetic information where
In the nucleoid of the cell
The cell size can be measured by what
Volume and Surface Area
The volume of a cell determines what
The volume determines how much material and energy is needed.
What does doubling a cell’s volume do
Doubling a cell’s volume will double the amount of materials and energy needed to sustain it.
The surface area of a cell determines what
The surface area determines how fast materials can get in and out of the cell
What does doubling a cell’s surface area do
Doubling the surface area can double the rate at which the materials move through the membrane
What happens when a cell gets larger without changing its shape
Its volume increases more than its surface area
What happens when a cell becomes too large
Material cannot pass in and out of the cell fast enough to support the contents of the cell
This one-celled bacteria can be both good and bad. What is it
E.Coli
This is a one celled organism that is oval, and it is sometimes described a “slippery snapped”. It gets rid of extra water using its contractive vacuole. What is it
Paramecium
This one-celled organism has a bell-shaped body and a stalk. It uses the stalk to attach to its environment. The stalk can quickly coil to help this one-celled creature avoid danger. What is it
Vircolla
What happens when a cell doubles in volume (detailed)
A cell that doubles in volume will need double the amount of materials and energy to keep it alive. If the surface area doesn’t also double, the rate of exchange of molecules across its membrane will not be enough for the cell to survive
What is the formula of a cell (ratio)
Surface area/volume & Surface area to volume
Pili (sing.: pilus) Definition
A stingy extension of the outside surface of a prokaryotic cell that attaches it to a surface or another cell
Plasmid Definition
A small, circular unit of DNA that replicates within a cell separating its contents from the outside world
What is one important similarity between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
They both have components that allow them to meet life’s challenges
What are the 3 shapes of prokaryotic cells
Spherical, elongated( rod-shaped ), or spiral
Do prokaryotes have cell walls
Yes, many do
Is a nucleoid surrounded by a membrane
No
Do prokaryotes have ribosomes
Yes
Concentration Definition
The amount of something in a given volume
Concentration Gradient Definition
The region over which there is a change in concentration of a substance
Hydrophilic Definition
Water loving; soluble in water
Hydrophobic Definition
Water hating; not soluble in water
How many layers does a plasma membrane have
It has two layers called a bilayer
What are the plasma membrane’s layers made up of
The layers are made of molecules called phospholipids
Phospholipids have what two features
They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
How are phospholipids organized in a cell’s membrane
They are organized so that the tails are in the middle and the heads are toward the cytoplasm (inner) or towards the out side of the cell (outer)
Which one is larger: Vesicle or Vacuole
Vacuole
What controls active transport (nickname)
Pump Protein
What substances serve many purposes in the attempt to move molecules across a plasma membrane
Proteins
Cytoskeleton Definition
A system of filaments and tubules made of proteins that give the cell its overall support and structure
What is the ER composed of
The ER is a network of membranes in layers, sacs, and tubes where organic molecules are made
Is the nuclear membrane separate from organelles
The nuclear membrane isn’t separate from organelles in the cell. It is connected to the endomembrane system
What forms the Endomembrane system
The Er membranes work with the Golgi apparatus, the cell’s vesicles and vacuole, and are collectively known as the endomembrane system
Endomembrane System Definition
A set of membranes making up structures in a eukaryotic cell, all of which are either interconnected or have an origin in the interconnected system
What is the endomembrane system involved in
The endomembrane system is involved producing, sorting, and packaging materials of the cell
What system is the Endomembrane System most like and how
Just as your circulatory system carries materials around your body, the endomembrane system also transports materials around the cell. Some parts of the endomembrane system also participate in transporting substances out of the cell
What are the Flagella and Cilia made up of
Microtubules
What does Cilia make possible
Cilia makes 3D motion possible and can propel cells or fluids forward of backward
Where is Genetic Material contained in
Genetic is contained in a number of DNA - containing bodies called chromosomes
There is a double layer membrane that surrounds the nucleus. What is it called
The nuclear membrane
One is a nucleolus and the plural sis what
Nucleoli
Where are the genes that are involved in producing the ribosomes of the cell contained in
The nucleolus
What materials are in cytoplasm
Cytoplasm also contains dissolved enzymes that help break down larger molecules
What are the components of the Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus has layers, folds, and tubes of membranes. It is involved in synthesizing, sorting, packaging, and transporting various substances
Where do the chemical reactions of cellular respiration occur
On the folds of membranes that fill mitochondria
Photomicrograph Definition
A photograph of a microscopic image
The typical animal cell measures about how long
About 10 to 30 micrometers across
The typical plant cell measures about how long
About 10 to 100 micrometers across
The oval shaped mitochondria are about how big
About 1 to 4 micrometers in length and about 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer in diameter
The nucleus are about how big
A typical nucleus has a diameter of about 7 micrometers
A typical ribosome has a diameter of about what
30 nanometers
What are 2 plants that are used for beginning experiences in cell viewing
Onion and the Elodea plant
What do onions contain
Onions contain amino acids sulfoxides, which are broken down by enzymes into a gas which makes us cry
What have scientists learned to do to make cells more visible
Scientist have learned to add a variety of dyes and stains to cells to make different part more visible under a microscope
What is most commonly used to make plant cells visible and is poisonous by itself
Iodine
The cell membrane is supported by what
The cytoskeleton
What is the last and most productive change of the mitochondria food conversion
Cellular respiration
Where do the chemical reactions of cellular respiration take place
In the mitochondria
What does the Endomembrane System do
Transports proteins out of the cell and to the cell’s membrane and also makes other molecules that makes up a cells’ membrane
The pressure exerted by the central vacuole helps what
It helps support the cell
Enzyme-linked receptor Definition
A type of receptor that changes an enzyme to an active state when the receptor’s specific signal molecule binds to it, so that the enzyme is ready to speed up the chemical reaction specific to the enzyme
Gap Junction Definition
A protein-bounded pore that forms a direct connection of cytoplasm between the two different cells, and through which molecules can diffuse between the cells
Intercellular Definition
Between different cells
Intracellular Definition
Within a single cell
Ion channel-linked receptor Definition
A type of receptor that changes the open or closed state of an associated an associated ion channel when the receptor’s specific signal molecule binds to it
Receptor Definition
A molecule that matches only with a specific other molecule, and that causes changes when the signal molecule binds to it
All sorts of actions are need to be coordinated for what
An organism to survive and reproduce effectively
Most cellular actions can be understood in terms of what
In terms of the chemical reactions and interactions that are involved
The signals going to your muscles telling them to contract are your what
Nerve Impulses
How does information travel through a nerve cell to a muscle cell
The information is sent down the long axon of a nerve cell to the end where it releases a chemical message to the muscle
Communication between cells generally involves what
Transmission of a chemical signal over distances
Some adjacent animal cells have specialized connections called what
Gap Junctions
What do the molecules of a gap junction indicate
The molecules indicate what a neighbor is up to and help synchronize the cell
When do heart cells contract together
Heart cells contract together when electrical signals stimulating them flow quickly as ions go through gap junctions
What are direct connections between cells in plants called
Plasmodesmata
What do Plasmodesmata function similarly to
Gap junctions in plants
What do plasmodesmata allow molecules to do
Plasmodesmata allow molecules to pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell
For adjacent cells that aren’t directly attached, molecules may diffuse how
Across the space between the cells
How do terminals of nerve cells stimulate the next cell
By releasing molecules
The molecule released from one to signal the other is called a what
Paracrine agent
In multicellular organisms with circulatory or vascular systems (animals or plants), cells in one place in the organism can release agents called what and where
Hormones into the circulatory of vascular system
What will the hormones then serve as
The hormones will then serve as signals for cells far away from the signaling cell
Signals may even be transmitted from one multicellular organism to another by chemical signals called what
Pheromones
Paracrine Agent Definition
Molecule released from one nearby cell to signal another not directly
When the signal arrives at the destination cell, it must be translated into what
An action by the cell
For an action by the cell to occur what must happen
Signals from one part of the cell to another via intracellular communication
Besides being involved in response to messages from another cell what else does intracellular communication do
Intracellular communication is involved in organizing and coordinating all sorts of actions within the cell. This can include routine homeostasis and reaction to stimuli
A nerve signal is a type of what
Intracellular communication
What is a nerve signal
A nerve signal is a type of intracellular communication involving an electrical charge moving along the cell membrane like a wave
The movement of a particular molecule or type of molecule from one place to another in the cell is an example of what
Intracellular communication
What happens when a molecule gets to its destination in a cell
It causes a response
A receptor molecule is usually what
A protein with a site that binds a particular signaling molecule
A molecules receptor site is so specific that only one what can bind there
Only one compound or type of compound can bind there
Molecules going through the membrane have what characteristics
They are either lipid soluble or are very small
What is an example of a molecule that has the characteristics to pass through a plasma membrane
Steroid hormone
What is required for a cell to communicate to itself
A nerve or molecular signal
What role does the cell’s ability to obtain food play in cell size
A cell’s size is limited by the amount of food it requires for energy and its ability to obtain food
