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LEAH FCP > Intro to pathology > Flashcards

Intro to pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathology

A

Study of disease

Study of structural, biochemical & functional changes in cells, tissues & organs that underlie disease

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2
Q

What is general pathology

A

Study of basic responses of cells & tissues to insults & injuries, irrespective of organs, systems or species of animal involved

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3
Q

What is systemic pathology

A

(pathology of organ systems)

Study of alterations in specialised organs & tissues

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4
Q

What is anatomic pathology

A

Examination of tissues taken during life (biopsy) or after death (necropsy)

Examines nature & extent of disease process

Macroscopic (gross)

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5
Q

What is clinical pathology

A

examination of blood & other body fluids, as well as cells (cytology) during life

Microscopic (histologic) & biochemical

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5
Q

define aetiology

A

cause of disease

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5
Q

define pathogenesis

A

Sequence of events in response of cells/tissues to aetiologic agent from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of disease

mechanisms or disease development

(origin)

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5
Q

Define molecular & morphologic changes

A

biochemical & structural alterations induced in cells & organs

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6
Q

Define clinical manifestation

A

Functional consequences of molecular & morphologic changes

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7
Q

What are some internal vs external causes of disease?

A

Most commonly: >1 cause (multifactorial)

e.g. nutritional deficiency causes immunosuppression which allows infection to cause severe disease

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8
Q

What are molecular vs morphologic changes

A

molecular:
- biochemical alterations in cells/tissues
- alter function

morphologic changes:
- structural alterations in cells/tissues

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9
Q

What is the difference between symptoms and signs?

A

Symptoms: Subjective to patient

Signs: Objective & observed by clinician (e.g. reduced growth, production loss)

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10
Q

How do genetic, biochemical, and structural changes lead to disease manifestation?

A

If these changes are large enough, they may cause functional abnormalities, leading to clinical manifestations (symptoms/signs)

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11
Q

What are the major processes of pathology?

A
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12
Q

Define inflammation

A

Vascular & interstitial tissue changes that develop in response to tissue injury & that are designed to sequester, dilute & destroy causal agent

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13
Q

Define healing

A

Repair of injured tissue

Involves angiogenesis, fibrosis & regeneration

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14
Q

define angiogenesis

A

Formation of new blood vessels

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15
Q

Define fibrosis

A

Formation of fibrous connective tissue by fibroblasts

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16
Q

Define epithelisation

A

regenerative process that covers defects in injured skin & other epithelial surfaces

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17
Q

Define thrombosis

A

Interaction of blood coagulation system & platelets to form, within vascular lumen, an aggregate of fibrin & platelets

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18
Q

define neoplasia

A

uncontrolled & abnormal growth of cells due to intrinsic genetic mutations in somatic cells, leading to unrestrained mitosis & formation of mass of uncontrolled cells that impinge on adjacent normal tissue

19
Q

What causes neoplasia?

A

Intrinsic genetic mutations in somatic cells that affect:
- Mitosis control
- Differentiation
- Cell-to-cell interactions

These changes result in unrestrained mitosis & formation of expanding mass of uncontrolled cells

20
Q

Define metabolic dysfunction

A

Abnormalities or imbalances of carbohydrate, fat & protein metabolism in cell which lead to accumulation of glycogen, lipid or protein & complexes of abnormally folded & branched proteins, pigments, lipoproteins & amyloid

21
Q

define necrosis

A

death of cells & tissues in living animal

22
Q

define diagnosis

A

Conclusion concerning nature, cause or name of disease

Accuracy of diagnosis is limited by evidence (e.g. lesions) available to study

23
Q

Define lesions

A

abnormal structural changes that occur in body

24
Q

What are the types of diagnoses?

A
25
Q

Define clinical diagnosis

A

Based on data obtained from case history, clinical signs & physical examination

26
Q

Define clinical pathologic diagnosis

A

Based on changes observed in chemistry of fluids & haematology, structure & function of cells collected from living patient

27
Q

Define morphologic diagnosis

A

Describes severity, duration, distribution, location (organ or tissue) & nature (degenerative, inflammatory, neoplastic) of lesion

28
Q

Define aetiologic diagnosis

A

Names specific cause of disease

29
Q

Define disease diagnosis

A

States common name of disease

30
Q

What are the methods to detect morphologic changes?

A

Macroscopic or microscopic examination

31
Q

What are the methods to reach a diagnosis

A

Morphology, molecular biology, microbiology, immunology, genetics, informatics

32
Q

What is macroscopic examination

A

Observation by unaided eye

Observe deviations in size, colour, texture & location from normal organs & tissues

33
Q

What are the methods of microscopic examination

A

Light microscopy
- Histopathology - often using stains
- specialised microscopes

Electron microscopy
- Transmission EM - 2D, shows internal cell structure
- Scanning EM - 3D, restricted to surface

34
Q

What are some immuno & molecular techniques to reach a diagnosis

A
  • Immunostaining / immunohistochemistry
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
  • In situ hybridization (ISH)
  • Genomics (DNA sequencing, DNA microarrays)
  • Transcriptomics (RNA sequencing)
  • Proteomics
  • Metabolomics

To detect (or detect alterations from normal in) nucleic acid (DNA/RNA), protein or other metabolites

35
Q

What is putrefaction

A

Colour & texture changes, gas production & odours that are caused by post-mortem bacterial metabolism & dissolution of host tissues (post-mortem decomposition)

36
Q

What are some common post-mortem changes?

A

Rigor mortis
Algor mortis
Livor mortis (hypostatic congestion)
Post-mortem clotting
Haemoglobin imbibition, bile imbibition
Pseudomelanosis
Bloating
Softening
Lens opacity

37
Q

What is rigor mortis & why does it occur? (post-mortem)

A

Contraction of muscles occurring after death

Due to depletion of ATP & glycogen

Commences 1-6h after death & persists for 1-2d

38
Q

What is algor mortis (post-mortem)

A

Gradual cooling of cadaver

Depends on species, size, age & environment

39
Q

What is livor mortis (hypostatic congestion) (post-mortem)

A

Gravitational pooling of blood to down side of animal

40
Q

Where does post-mortem clotting mainly occur?

A

Heart & blood vessels

within several hours of death

41
Q

What is haemoglobin imbibition & why does it occur (post-mortem)?

A

Red staining of tissue

Once integrity of blood vessel walls is lost, haemoglobin released by lysed erythrocytes penetrates vessel wall

42
Q

What is bile imbibition (post-mortem)?

A

Bile in gallbladder penetrates its wall & stains adjacent tissue yellow/green/brown

43
Q

What is pseudomelanosis & why does it occur post-mortem?

A

Blue/green discoloration of tissue by iron sulphide (FeS)

Formed by reaction of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) generated by putrefactive bacteria & iron from haemoglobin released from lysed erythrocytes

44
Q

Why does bloating occur post-mortem?

A

Result of post-mortem bacterial gas formation in lumen of GIT

45
Q

Why does softening occur post-mortem?

A

Softening if tissue results from autolysis of cells & connective tissue often aided by putrefactive bacteria

46
Q

When does lens opacity occur post-mortem?

A

Occurs when carcass is very cold or frozen

Change will reverse to normal transparency on warming

47
Q

What is the difference between thrombosis & a blood clot?

A

Thrombosis = before death
Blood clot = after death

LEAH FCP (77 decks)

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