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LEAH FCP > Endoparasites > Flashcards

Endoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of parasiticides?

A

Ectoparasiticides: Kill external parasites

Endoparasiticides: Kill internal parasites.

Endectocides: Kill both internal and external parasites.

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2
Q

What is the function of anthelmintics

A

used to treat infections of animals with parasitic worms/helminths

These include flat worms, e.g., flukes (trematodes) and tapeworms (cestodes), and round worms (nematodes)

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3
Q

What are the classes of anthelmintic drugs

A

organophosphates
benzimidazoles
Tetrahydropyrimidines/
imidazothiazoles
Salicylanilides
Pyrazinoisoquinolones
Sulphonamide
Hexahydropyrazine
Macrocyclic lactones

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4
Q

Give examples of Organophosphates as anthelmintics

A

Dichlorvos
Haloxon
Napthalofos

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5
Q

Give examples of Benzimidazoles as anthelmintics

A

Albendazole
Febantel
Fenbendazole
Flubendazole
Mebendazole
Oxfendazole
Oxibendazole
Thiabendazole

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6
Q

Give examples of Salicylanilides as anthelmintics

A

Closantel
Rafoxanide

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7
Q

Give examples of Pyrazinoisoquinolones as anthelmintics

A

Praziquantel
Epsiprantel

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8
Q

Give examples of Sulphonamide as anthelmintics

A

Clorsulon

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9
Q

Give examples of Tetrahydropyrimidines/
imidazothiazoles as anthelmintics

A

Levamisole
Morantel
Pyrantel
Oxantel

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10
Q

Give examples of Hexahydropyrazine as anthelmintics

A

piperazine and its derivative diethylcarbamazine

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11
Q

Give examples of Macrocyclic lactones as anthelmintics

A

Abamectin
Doramectin
Eprinomectin
Ivermectin
Moxidectin
Milbemycin oxime
Selamectin

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12
Q

What are the main targets for anthelmintics?

A

Beta-tubulin (e.g. benzimidazoles)

Nicotinergic acetylcholine receptor (e.g. Tetrahydropyrimidines/
imidazothiazoles)

GABA receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channels (e.g. Macrocyclic lactones)

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13
Q

What is the method of action of Benzimidazoles

A

Bind to β-tubulin, blocking microtubule polymerization, disrupting intracellular homeostasis and energy metabolism.

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14
Q

Describe the neurological control of endoparasite locomotion

A

Control of antagonistic neurones

Excitatory (ACh containing) neurones and inhibitory (GABA containing) neurones

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15
Q

Describe the action of anthelmintics that target GABA receptor and glutamate-gated chloride channel

A

Piperazine:
Act as GABA agonists - stimulate GABA containing neurones - opens voltage gated channels - hyperpolarisation of neurones - excessive relaxation of muscles => flaccid paralysis

Macrocyclic lactones:
Blocks the response of the cholinergic receptors - alters membrane ion permeability - causes hyperpolarisation => flaccid paralysis
OR
activate glutamate gated chloride channels - influx of Cl- => flaccid paralysis

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16
Q

Describe the mode of action of anthelmintics that target ACh containing neurones

A

Tetrahydropyrimidines/ imidazothiazoles:
Agonists of nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors - changes permeability of post-synaptic membrane - influx of ions => spastic paralysis

17
Q

What are cyclic octadepsipeptides

A

Compounds: Emodepside & Nitroxynil

Mechanism: Acts on latrophilin receptors, a class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), causing flaccid paralysis of pharynx & expulsion of parasites

18
Q

What are aminoacetonitrile derivatives (AADs), and what is their mode of action?

A

Compound: Monepental

Mechanism: Targets MPTL-1 receptors (unique type of acetylcholine receptor), causing spastic paralysis & rapid expulsion of parasites

19
Q

What are Spiroindoles and what is there more of action

A

Compounds: Derquantel + Abamectin

Mechanism: Acetylcholine antagonism leading to flaccid paralysis, targeting specific nervous system pathways in parasites.

20
Q

Fill in the mode of action for each of these

A

ignore years

21
Q

What role do acetylcholine (ACh) & GABA play in worm paralysis?

A

ACh (excitatory) causes spastic paralysis.

GABA (inhibitory) causes flaccid paralysis.

22
Q

Why is risk assessment important in endoparasite control?

A

Prevent generation of resistant parasite populations

Minimize environmental impacts, including effects on non-target species and ecosystem disruption.

Protect animal health.

23
Q

What are the 2 main elements of risk in endoparasite control?

A

Environmental risk: Likelihood of parasite contamination and infectivity

Animal risk: Likelihood of clinical signs due to infection.

24
Q

What affects how likely an environment is to have high contamination? (environmental risks cattle & sheep)

A

Affected by:
- Temperature (speed of generation of infective L3)
- Pasture history – how many eggs have been deposited

25
Q

What affects how likely an environment is to have high infectivity? (environmental risks cattle & sheep)

A

Affected by moisture – how readily can infective L3 move away from the faeces

26
Q

What testing methods help us assess environmental risk in cattle & sheep?

A

Worm egg counts (WECs)

Daily live weight gain (DLWG)

Combining multiple data points for accuracy.

27
Q

How can environmental contamination be reduced in cattle and sheep?

A

Targeted selective treatment (TST), which treats only animals failing weight gain targets, reducing anthelmintic use by up to 52%.

28
Q

Which cattle & sheep are at highest risk for endoparasites

A

First-season grazing animals.

Ewes during lambing due to reduced immunity (risk primarily for pasture contamination).

Animals with poor nutrition or other diseases.

Weaned suckler calves

For most endoparasites in cattle and sheep, immunity is developed (fluke and haemonchus are exceptions).

29
Q

How is risk assessed in horses?

A

Environmental risk: Stocking density, poo picking, pasture rotation, quarantine.

Animal risk: Clinical history, age (<5 years or >20 years), testing for worm egg counts and tapeworm antibodies.

30
Q

What are the canter guidelines?

A

A framework to assess and manage worm risks in horses.

31
Q

How is risk assessed in small animals?

A

Environmental risk: Indoor/outdoor lifestyle, walking areas, travel, regional variations, and history/testing.

Animal risk: Age, health, and zoonotic risk (e.g., Toxocara).

32
Q

How do we manage risk in farm animals?

A

Targeted selective treatment - 80% of parasites in 20% of population

Diagnostics / parasite forecasts

Grazing management – high-risk animals on low-risk pastures

33
Q

How do we manage risk in horses?

A

Targeted selective treatment

Diagnostics

Grazing management – poo picking/stocking density

34
Q

How do we manage risk in small animals?

A

Detailed history to assess risk +/- testing

Treatment of animals with access to outdoors at least every 3 months

35
Q

What pastures are considered high-risk in spring

A

Pastures grazed by first season grazing cattle the previous year

36
Q

What pastures are considered high-risk in summer/autumn

A

Pastures grazed by cattle earlier in the grazing season

37
Q

What pastures are considered low-risk in spring

A

Pastures not grazed previous year, or grazed by other species.

Pastures grazed by adults in good health previous year.

Newly seeded leys

38
Q

What pastures are considered low-risk in summer/autumn

A

Ungrazed hay/silage aftermath

Newly sown forage crops

Pastures grazed by other species earlier in the season

LEAH FCP (49 decks)

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