Inro To Cancer W5 Flashcards
What is cancer?
A disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division
Cancer cells lose the signals to dictate growth division and differentiation order
Results and uncontrolled growth and proliferation
The spreading is called Metastasis.
Cancer is a multigene and multi step process
It is not just one gene that goes wrong
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
Sustaining proliferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immorality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
Emerging hallmarks
Avoiding immune destruction and deregulating cellular energetics
Enabling characteristics
Team of promoting information and, genome instability and mutation
What inhibitor is at sustaining proliferative signalling?
EGFR inhibitors
What inhibitor is at evading growth suppressor?
Cyclin-dependent inhibitors
What inhibitor is at avoiding immune destruction?
Immune activating auntie CTLA4 mAb
What inhibitor is at enabling replicative immortality?
Telomerase inhibitors
What inhibitor is at tumour promoting information?
Selective anti-inflammatory drugs
What inhibitor is at activating invasion and metastasis?
Inhibitors of HGF/C – met
What inhibitor is at inducing angiogenesis?
Inhibits of VEGF signing
What inhibitor is at gene instability and mutation?
PARP inhibitors
What inhibitor is at resisting cell death?
Proapoptopic BH3 mimetics
What inhibitor is at deregulating cellular energetics?
Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors
Stages of cancer: T
Tumor size
T1 – a tumor is less than 3 cm in size
T2 - the tumour is greater than 3 cm
T3 - the tumor can be any size but is near the airway or spread to local areas such as the chest or diaphragm
T4 - the tumor is any size but is located in the airway or has invaded local structures such as the heart
Stages of cancer: N
N0 - no lymph nodes are affected
N1- the tumour has spread nearby nodes on the same side of the body
N2 - the tumour has spread to nodes further away but on the same side of the body
N3 - cancer cells are present in the lymph nodes on either side of the chest from the tumour or in nodes near the collarbone or neck muscles
Stages of cancer: M
M0 - no metastasesare present
M1 - the tumour has spread (metastasis) to other regions of the body or the other lung
Stage zero cancer
Carcinoma in situ. The cancer cells have not yet invaded surrounding tissues and without the invasion the tumour can’t spread in the curry is 100%.
Stage one cancer
The primary tumor is small but invasive in the surrounding tissue and has not yet spread
Stage two cancer
The tumour is large, but there is still no clinical evidence of spread
Stage three cancer
The tumour has spread to lymph glands in that region of the body
Stage four cancer
The cancer has spread beyond the region where it is initiated to a distant tissue or organ
T2 N1 M0
Greater than 3 cm, spread it to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the body, no metastases present
Cancer stats in the UK
Every two minutes someone is diagnosed with cancer
More than 1000 new cases every day
24% of all deaths are due to cancer
50% survival, 38% preventable cases
Common cancers
Lung, breast,:, prostate are the most common cancers accounted for more than 50% of cancers
Leukaemia
Blood cancer
Usually originally in the bone marrow
High number of blood cells that are abnormal and differ differentiated
Can be classed as acute or lymphocytic or chronic and Myeloid
Risk factors of cancer
Genetics
Age
Alcohol
Cancer causing substances
Chronic inflammation
Diet
Hormones
Immunosuppression
Infectious agents
Obesity
Radiation
Sunlight
Tobacco
Genetics of cancer
It is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the DNA
Cancer cells generally have more genetic changes than normal cells
Inherited or required through lifetime
Hereditary cancer
5 to 10% all cancers are hereditary
Cancer causing substances
Aflatoxins
Arsenic
Asbestos
Benzene
Nickel
Coal tar
Rayon
Secondhand tobacco smoke
Cancel link to tobacco use
Lung, bladder, larynx, oesophagus, kidney, liver, pancreas, cervix
Preventing cancer
Don’t smoke
Moderate alcohol
Diet
Active
Reduce air pollution
Reduce exposure to toxins
Symptoms of cancer
None in some cases
Cough
Tired
Blood install or sputum
Weight loss
Headache
Common sites and symptoms of cancer metastasis: brain
Headaches, seizure, vertigo
Common sites and symptoms of cancer metastasis: respiratory
Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis
Common sites and symptoms of cancer metastasis: lymph nodes
Lymphadenopathy
Common sites and symptoms of cancer metastasis: liver
Hepatomegaly
Common sites and symptoms of cancer metastasis: skeletal
Pain, fracture, spinal cord compression
Treatment for cancer
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Laser therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
