Inro To Cancer W5 Flashcards
What is cancer?
A disease in which a group of abnormal cells grow uncontrollably by disregarding the normal rules of cell division
Cancer cells lose the signals to dictate growth division and differentiation order
Results and uncontrolled growth and proliferation
The spreading is called Metastasis.
Cancer is a multigene and multi step process
It is not just one gene that goes wrong
What are the hallmarks of cancer?
Sustaining proliferative signalling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immorality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
Emerging hallmarks
Avoiding immune destruction and deregulating cellular energetics
Enabling characteristics
Team of promoting information and, genome instability and mutation
What inhibitor is at sustaining proliferative signalling?
EGFR inhibitors
What inhibitor is at evading growth suppressor?
Cyclin-dependent inhibitors
What inhibitor is at avoiding immune destruction?
Immune activating auntie CTLA4 mAb
What inhibitor is at enabling replicative immortality?
Telomerase inhibitors
What inhibitor is at tumour promoting information?
Selective anti-inflammatory drugs
What inhibitor is at activating invasion and metastasis?
Inhibitors of HGF/C – met
What inhibitor is at inducing angiogenesis?
Inhibits of VEGF signing
What inhibitor is at gene instability and mutation?
PARP inhibitors
What inhibitor is at resisting cell death?
Proapoptopic BH3 mimetics
What inhibitor is at deregulating cellular energetics?
Aerobic glycolysis inhibitors
Stages of cancer: T
Tumor size
T1 – a tumor is less than 3 cm in size
T2 - the tumour is greater than 3 cm
T3 - the tumor can be any size but is near the airway or spread to local areas such as the chest or diaphragm
T4 - the tumor is any size but is located in the airway or has invaded local structures such as the heart
Stages of cancer: N
N0 - no lymph nodes are affected
N1- the tumour has spread nearby nodes on the same side of the body
N2 - the tumour has spread to nodes further away but on the same side of the body
N3 - cancer cells are present in the lymph nodes on either side of the chest from the tumour or in nodes near the collarbone or neck muscles
Stages of cancer: M
M0 - no metastasesare present
M1 - the tumour has spread (metastasis) to other regions of the body or the other lung
Stage zero cancer
Carcinoma in situ. The cancer cells have not yet invaded surrounding tissues and without the invasion the tumour can’t spread in the curry is 100%.
Stage one cancer
The primary tumor is small but invasive in the surrounding tissue and has not yet spread
Stage two cancer
The tumour is large, but there is still no clinical evidence of spread
Stage three cancer
The tumour has spread to lymph glands in that region of the body
Stage four cancer
The cancer has spread beyond the region where it is initiated to a distant tissue or organ
T2 N1 M0
Greater than 3 cm, spread it to nearby lymph nodes on the same side of the body, no metastases present
