Emerging hallmarks and enabling characteristics Of Cancer W6

Question 1

2 emerging hallmarks

Answer 1

Activating immune destruction and deregulating cellular energetics

Question 2

Deregulating Cellular Energetics:

Answer 2

it’s essential for sustaining tumorigenesis

Reprogramming of lipid, amino acid, and glucose metabolism allows cells to maintain energy production, sustain growth, and evade stress-induced damage.

The altered metabolism serves several purposes:
- rapid cell division
- adaption to hypoxia
- production of metabolites

Question 3

Avoiding Immune Destruction:

Answer 3

Tumors can create an immunosuppressive microenvironment that prevents immune surveillance, contributing to cancer progression and resistance to immunotherapies.

Question 4

T cell tumour antigens

Answer 4

proteins or molecules expressed on the surface of tumor cells that are specifically targeted by T-cells of the immune system

critical in cancer immunotherapy because they help the immune system recognize and eliminate cancer cells

Not found on normal cells

Question 5

how dendritic cells, and T helper cells cause T cell activation.

Answer 5

Dendritic cells find and show antigens to T-cells, giving them the information they need to recognize the threat.

T-helper cells then help coordinate the immune response, making sure the right type of attack happens.

Question 6

How can Tumour cells stop T cell killing

Answer 6

can reduce the display of tumor antigens on their surface, making it harder for T-cells to recognize

Expression of Immune Checkpoint Proteins

if T-cells are constantly exposed to tumor cells, they can become exhausted. This means they lose their ability to function properly and can’t kill tumor cells effectively

Question 7

Metabolism in tumour cells can affect immune responses

Answer 7

Tumour cells compete for glucose with immune cells, and so are taking away their energy source.