Carb, lipids and amino acid metabolism W1 Flashcards
What are the four stages of biochemical energy production?
Stage one = the process of digestion changes large complex molecules into small, simple ones
Stage two = small molecules from digestion are degraded to smaller units primarily the two carbon acetal group that becomes part of acetylCoA
Stage three = acetylCoA is oxidised to produce carbon dioxide and reduced coat enzymes in the citric acid cycle
Stage four = NADH and FADH facilitate ATP production through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
When ingested what do fats turn into?
Fatty acids and glycerol
When ingested what do you carbohydrates turn into?
Glucose and other sugars
What do proteins turn into when ingested?
Amino acids
What is metabolism?
The total of all the biochemical reactions within a living organism
What is catabolism?
Where large biochemical molecules are broken down into smaller ones
Produces energy
What is anabolism
We are small biochemical molecules are joined together to form larger ones
Consumes energy
What is NAD +?
Nicotinamide Adine dinucleotide
It is a redox cofactor which accepts or donate H+
What can NADH do?
It can reduce things, i.e. to NAD+
What is FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
It is also a redox factor
What is COA?
Coenzyme A
It is an acyl-carrier
Contains a thioether functional group which looks like an Esther, but with a sulphur atom instead
What happens when blood glucose is oxidated and what happens when it is store?
When oxidation occurs blood glucose becomes energy (ATP)
When storage occurs blood glucose is stored as glycogen
What is glycogenesis?
biochemical process of synthesizing glycogen from glucose
What is glycogenolysis?
breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) and free glucose,
What is glycolysis?
is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose (a 6-carbon sugar) into pyruvate (a 3-carbon compound), generating ATP and NADH in the process
What is gluconeogenesis?
metabolic process by which the body creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, mainly during periods of fasting, starvation, or intense exercise
Briefly explain the citric acid cycle
oxidizes acetyl-CoA (from carbohydrates, fats, or proteins) into carbon dioxide, producing NADH, FADH₂, and GTP (or ATP). It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Briefly explained the digestion of glucose before the citric acid cycle
Glucose (6C) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate (3C)
This produces 2xATP and 2xNADH
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex convert pyruvate to acetal-coA
This releases 1xCO2 and 1xNADH
Acetyl coA now enters the citric acid cycle
What is the electron transport chain?
A series of biochemical reactions in which electrons and hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH are passed to intermediate carriers and then ultimately react with molecular oxygen water
For every two electrons pass through the chain, 10 H + ions are pumped from the matrix into the inter membrane space and this result in a buildup of H + in the into membrane space
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
The biochemical process by which ATP is synthesised from ADP at the end of the electron transport chain
The buildup of H plus in the into membrane space generates an electrochemical gradient and the flow of proteins from this space back into the matrix is accompanied by the formation of ATP
B-oxidation of fatty acid
Pathway that degrade fatty acids to acetalCoA by removing two carbon atoms at a time
FADH and NADH are also produced
What is more energy rate a sugar or a fat?
Fat
What what does skeletal muscle use in active and resting state?
Glucose inactive and fatty acid in resting
What does cardiac muscle use as fuel?
Fatty acids first but may use ketone bodies, glucose and lactate
