Carbs and lipids W1

Question 1

Polymers of glucose

Answer 1

Cellulose - plants
Chitin - shellfish exoskeleton
Pectin - gelling agent

Question 2

What is the 6 membered ring

Answer 2

A sugar

Question 3

Polysaccharide examples

Answer 3

Starch and cellulose - multiple glucose molecules

Question 4

Heterogenous

Answer 4

Not every sugar is exactly the same

Question 5

Simplest carbs, monosacc, have what structure?

Answer 5

Classified as Aldoses or ketoses depending on wether the carbonyl group is a aldehyde or a ketone

Question 6

Simple definition of a sugar

Answer 6

Poly alcohol with an aldehyde or a ketone

Question 7

Carbon numbering of a sugar

Answer 7

Starts at the end of the carbon chain that the carbonyl is closest to

Numbering of the carbon chain in monosaccharides starts from the end
bearing the carbonyl group, C-1 for the aldoses and C-2 for the ketoses.

Question 8

Different ways of drawing glucose

Answer 8

Fisher - no stereo config

Zig zag - more accurate with wedges and dashes

Mills - sugars aren’t a line but cyclical , flat mol (not accurate)

Haworth - which ones point above and below the ring (not accurate)

Chair - most accurate, shows stereo config and correct shape as well as where the hydroxyl groups are pointing

Question 9

What do you get if you oxidise a primary alcohol

Answer 9

Aldehyde

Question 10

Oxidised an aldehyde into a…

Answer 10

Carboxylic acid

Question 11

Secondary alcohol oxidises to…

Answer 11

A ketone

Question 12

Definition of a lipid

Answer 12

Defined by a “physical property”,rather than a common structural
feature.

Naturally occurring molecules (usually fatty acids or their derivatives) with very limited solubility in water

Can be isolated from organisms by extraction with a nonpolar organic solvent (eg hexane).q

Question 13

Structural classes of lipids

Answer 13

Hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable

Question 14

Hydrolysable lipids

Answer 14

Carbon backbone with O on it with ester linkages and alcohol side chains

Question 15

Non-Hydrolysable lipids

Answer 15

Ie cholesterol

Can’t hydrolysis

Very greasy

Question 16

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 16

No double bonds

Generally unbranched

Contain even no.carbon atoms between 10 and 24

Question 17

Un-Saturated fatty acid

Answer 17

Contain double bonds

Config of the = are Z (cis)

With more than one = are called polyunsaturated

Question 18

Types and functions of lipids : energy storage lipids

Answer 18

Triacylglycerols
- fats and oils

Question 19

Types and functions of lipids : membrane lipids

Answer 19

Phospholipids
- glycerophospholipids
- spingophosholipids

Cholesterol

Spingoglycolipids
- cerebrosides
- gangliosides

Question 20

Types and functions of lipids : emulsification lipids

Answer 20

Bile acids
- cholic acid
- deoxycholic acids

Question 21

Types and functions of lipids : messenger lipids

Answer 21

Steroid hormoes
- sex hormoes
- adrenocorticoids

Eieosanoids
- prostaglandins
- thromboxanes
- leukotriens

Question 22

Types and functions of lipids : protective coating lipids

Answer 22

Biological waxes

Question 23

Triacylglycerols (TAG)

Answer 23

Triesters of one mol of glycerol with 3 fatty acid mols

Question 24

Sphingoglycolipids

Answer 24

type of glycolipid that have a sphingosine backbone instead of glycerol. They play key roles in cell recognition, signaling, and membrane structure

Question 25

Glycerophospholipids

Answer 25

(also called phosphoglycerides) are the main structural lipids in cell membranes and play key roles in membrane fluidity, signaling, and lipid metabolism. They are built on a glycerol backbone, and typically consist of: - Glycerol (3-carbon alcohol) - Two fatty acid chains – attached to the first and second carbon via ester bonds - Phosphate group – attached to the third carbon - Polar head group – attached to the phosphate

Question 26

Sphingophospholipids

Answer 26

type of phospholipid that have a sphingosine backbone (instead of glycerol) and contain a phosphate group.