Infection and Response- PAPER 1

Question 1

What is a pathogen?

Answer 1

A microorganism that enters the body and causes disease

Question 2

What are bacteria?

Answer 2

Very small cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body

Question 3

What is a protist?

Answer 3

A single celled eukaryote

Question 4

How can pathogens be spread?

Answer 4

Air, water, direct contact.

Question 5

What are symptoms of TMV ad what type of disease is it?

Answer 5

Its a virus that causes discolouration of leaves which causes stunted growth due to not being able to carry out photosynthesis.

Question 6

What is HIV?

Answer 6

A virus spread by sexual contact. Symptoms are flu like

Question 7

What is Measles?

Answer 7

A viral disease spread by droplets from sneezes

Symptoms are red skin rash ad signs of fever.

Question 8

What is an example of a fungal disease?

Answer 8

Rose black spot, which causes black spots to develop on leaves. The leaves then drop off so photosynthesis can’t happen as well so stunted growth occurs.

Question 9

What is an example of a disease caused by a protist?

Answer 9

Malaria, which causes repeated episodes of fever which can be fatal. Can be protected using mosquito nets and insecticides.

Question 10

Symptoms of Gonorrhoea?

Answer 10

Painful urination, thick yellow/green discharge.

Question 11

What has made it harder to treat gonorrhoea?

Answer 11

Resistance to penicillin

Question 12

Symptoms of Salmonella?

Answer 12

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting.

Question 13

How has salmonella been controlled?

Answer 13

Vaccination of chickens.

Question 14

How can the spread of disease be reduced?

Answer 14

Vaccination, destroying vectors, isolating infected individuals and being hygienic.

Question 15

What is it called when white blood cells engulf and digest foreign cells?

Answer 15

Phagocytosis.

Question 16

Disadvantages of vaccinations?

Answer 16

Don’t always work, you can sometimes have a bad reaction to vaccine e.g. swelling or fever.

Question 17

Advantages of vaccinations?

Answer 17

Can help control communicable diseases.

Epidemics can be prevented if large %are vaccinated.

Question 18

What drug was developed from foxgloves?

Answer 18

Digitalis

Question 19

What drug was developed from willow?

Answer 19

Aspirin

Question 20

What drug was discovered by Alexander Fleming (extracted from microorganisms)

Answer 20

Penicillin

Question 21

What do antibiotics do?

Answer 21

Kill bacteria

Question 22

3 stages of drug testing?

Answer 22

Human cells and tissue in the lab
Live animals
Human volunteers in a clinical trial

Question 23

How can monoclonal antibodies be used against cancer?

Answer 23

Anti-cancer drug attached to monoclonal antibodies (e.g. radioactive subtsancce to stop cancer cells dividing)
Antibodies target specific cells as they only bind to tumour markers
Drug kills cancer but not normal body cells

Question 24

What side effects can occur from monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

vomiting and low blood pressure

Question 25

Why must results from drug testing be peer reviewed?

Answer 25

To prevent false claims

Question 26

What is meant by the efficacy of a drug?

Answer 26

Whether it work and produces desired effects