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Biology > Fertility and the Menstrual Cycle-PAPER2 > Flashcards

Fertility and the Menstrual Cycle-PAPER2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the four stages of the menstrual cycle.

A

1-Lining of the uterus in broken down
2-Lining of the uterus builds up
3-Egg released (ovulation)
4-Lining of the uterus is maintained.

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2
Q

What is FSH?

A

hormone produced in the pituitary gland, causes the egg to mature in one of the ovaries.
Stimulates the ovaries to make oestrogen.

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3
Q

What is LH?

A

A hormone that stimulates the release of an egg during ovulation, also produced by the pituitary gland.

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4
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A hormone that causes the lining of the uterus to grow. It stimulates the release of LH.
Produced by ovaries.

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5
Q

What is progesterone?

A

A hormone that maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. When progesterone levels fall, the lining breaks down
Also made in the ovaries.

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6
Q

How can you prevent pregnancy?

A

Using contraception.

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7
Q

What hormone can be taken daily to prevent the release of an egg?

A

Oestrogen, as if you keeps levels permanently high then it inhibits the production of FSH (which causes the egg to mature)

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8
Q

The pill contains what?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone.

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9
Q

How effective is the pill?

A

99%

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10
Q

Name a type of barrier that stops egg and sperm meeting that ALSO is the only contraception protecting against STD’s.

A

Condoms.

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11
Q

Name a permanent procedure that is a contraceptive.

A

Sterilisation, cutting/ typing fallopian tubes or the sperm duct.

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12
Q

What way is the ONLY 100% guarantee that you won’t get pregnant?

A

Not having sexual intercourse.

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13
Q

What is IVF?

A

IVF involves collecting eggs from a womans ovaries and fertilising them in a lab. Or it may involve directly injecting sperm into an egg.

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14
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of IVF?

A

Can give an infertile couple a child.

Multiple births may happen which is risky as miscarrying it at a higher risk.
Average success rate is 26%
Some women have strong reactions to hormones e.g. vomiting.

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15
Q

Why are some people against IVF?

A

The process results in unused embryos that are eventually destroyed. This can be seen as unethical as it is a potential human life.

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16
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Stimulates the testes to produce sperm

17
Q

In preparation for the egg what happens to the uterus lining?

A

It becomes thick and spongy

18
Q

If the egg is fertilised by a sperm, what then happens to the egg?

A

It implants into the uterus wall where it can develop as a baby.

19
Q

In first stage which hormone is released?

A

FSH is released by the pituitary gland

20
Q

Where do hormones travel through?

A

The blood stream

21
Q

What does oestrogen stop?

A

Any more FSH to be released.

22
Q

LH triggers…

A

ovulation

23
Q

What are the 2 effects of progesterone?

A

Stops FSH and LH from being released

24
Q

Why do you want FSH and LH to stop being released after you have a fertilised egg?

A

To prevent any more eggs from maturing or being released.

25
Q

What type of contraception is the pill?

A

oral contraceptive

26
Q

What does the pill do?

A

Prevents the release of FSH which causes an egg to mature.

27
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of the pill?

A

Highly effective is taken correctly

Must be taken everyday and there may be side effects

28
Q

What hormones do skin patches and injections contain?

A

Progesterone which stops eggs being released and maturity

29
Q

Advantages of contraceptive implant?

A

More convenient as an implant lasts 3 years.

30
Q

What are examples of barrier methods?

A

Condoms or diaphragms, which prevent sperm reaching an egg and they protect against most STI’s and have no side effects however they can break

31
Q

What is an IUD?

A

a T shaped device which kills sperm.

32
Q

What is sterilisation?

A

A surgical form of contraception for example tying or cutting the fallopian tubes. Or sperm duct

33
Q

What is the only way to be completely sure to avoid pregnancy?

A

Abstinence

34
Q

What hormones can a women have in a drug if she cannot have a child

A

FSH and LH

Biology (37 decks)

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