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Biology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues working together for a specific function

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs which work together to form organisms.

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4
Q

What are the 3 main nutrients we get from food?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and protein.

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5
Q

Why do the nutrients we eat have to be digested not absorbed into our bloodstream?

A

As the molecules are too large

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6
Q

What breaks down large molecules into small molecules?

A

Enzymes.

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7
Q

What does saliva do?

A

the enzymes in saliva break starch into smaller sugar molecules.

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8
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Enzymes in the stomach begin the digestion of proteins.

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9
Q

What does the stomach contain?

A

Hydrochloric acid and enzymes to digest proteins

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10
Q

How does food get turned into a fluid?

A

The churning action of the stomach muscles turns it into a fluid.

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11
Q

Why is food turned into a fluid?

A

It increases the surface area for enzymes to digest

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12
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Releases enzymes which continue digesting starch and protein. They start the digestion of lipids.

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13
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Releases bile which speeds up the digestion of lipids and also neutralises acid from stomach.

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14
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

releases enzymes to continue the digestion of protein and lipids.

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15
Q

What happens in the small intestine

A

Small food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream by diffusion or AT

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16
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed into the blood stream.

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17
Q

What is the final stage of digestion?

A

Faeces is released from the body.

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18
Q

What do the products of digestion get used for?

A

Building new carbohydrates. lipids and proteins.

Some glucose is used in respiration,

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19
Q

What is the active site?

A

Where a substrate attaches to an enzyme.

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20
Q

What are proteins broken down by and where is it found?

A

Proteases found in the pancreas stomach and small intestine.

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21
Q

What is a protein?

A

A long chain of chemicals called amino acids.

22
Q

What do protease enzymes do once digested?

A

convert the protein back to the amino acids which are then absorbed into the blood stream.

23
Q

What is starch?

A

A long chain glucose molecule

24
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down by?

A

Carbohydrases, such as amylase for starch

25
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

In the saliva and pancreas.

26
Q

What is a lipid?

A

A molecule of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids.

27
Q

What are lipids digested by?

A

Lipase- this produces glycerol and fatty acids.

28
Q

Where is lipase found?

A

In pancreas and small intestine.

29
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder, but made in liver.

30
Q

What does bile do?

A

Emulsifies the lipids increasing the surface area, therefore increasing rate of breakdown.

31
Q

How do you test for glucose?

A

put benedicts solution (blue colour) into a food solution.
Put test tube in water bath of hot water for 5 minds
If it changes colour then sugar is present.
green means little sugar
a reddy colour means lots of sugar.

32
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Iodine turns blue/black.

33
Q

How to test for protein?

A

Bluret solution will change from blue to purple/pink.

34
Q

How to test for lipids

A

Add 3 drops of Sudan III to food solution however it doesn’t need to be filtered.
If lipids are present then a red stained oil layer will separate out and float on the surface.

35
Q

What is meant by a double circulatory system?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice in a cycle; first to thee lungs then back to the heart then to the rest of the organs.

36
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart called?

A 
left ventricle (bottom)
right ventricle  (bottom)
left atrium (top)
right atrium (top)
37
Q

Why does the heart have valves

A

To prevent back flow

38
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Brings in deoxygenated blood from the body.

39
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Passes blood from the heart to the lungs.

40
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Passes blood frm the lungs to the heart,

41
Q

What pumps blood from the heart to the body?

A

The aorta

42
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscle walls?

A

As the left ventricle pumps blood round the entire body therefore needs to provide a greater force.

43
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

They branch out the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle, to provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart. The oxygen is used in respiration to provide energy for contraction

44
Q

What controls the natural resting heart rate?

A

The pacemaker.

45
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry high pressure blood from the heart to the organs in the body.

46
Q

What is an adaptation that arteries have?

A

Very thick muscular walls to withstand the very high pressure of the blood.
They also contain elastic fibres that stretch when the surge of blood passes through and recoil inbetween surges.

47
Q

What happens in capillaries?

A

When blood passes through them glucose and oxygen diffuse from the blood to the cells. And CO2 diffuses from the cells back into the blood.

48
Q

Name adaptations of capillaries

A

Very thin walls so the diffusion pathway is short allowing substances to rapidly diffuse between the blood and body cells.

49
Q

Name adaptations of veins

A

Have thin wall as there is low blood pressure. Contain valves to stop blood flowing backwards.

50
Q

Why does stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

A

To kill bacteria and to give right pH for protease to work (acidic)

Biology (37 decks)

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