Immune system 1 - Innate Immunity WK9 L3 Flashcards
WHAT ARE PATHIGENS?
DISEASE CAUSING MICRO ORGANISIMS
WHAT ARE NON PATHOGENS?
MICROBES THAT DO NTO CAUSE DISEASE
WHAT DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CONSIST OF?
A WIDELY DISTRIBUTED POPULATION OF CELLS THAT INHABIT ORGANS IN THE BODY
DIVERSE CHEMICALS WHICH PRODUCE TO NEUTRALISE AND DESTROY PATHIEGNS
PHYSICAL BARRIERS TO STOP PATHOGEN INVASION
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES LIKE FEVER AND INFLAMATION
HOW MANY LINES OF DEFENSE DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM HAVE?
3
WHAT ARE THE THREE LINES OF DEFENSE?
EPITHELIAL BARRIERS AND SECRETIONS
PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT BREAK THROUGH EXTRENAL BARRIERS
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
WHAT ARE THE EPITHELIAL BARRIERS AND SECRETIONS?
SKIN AND MUCCOUS MEMBRANES WHICH ARE IMPENITRIBLE TO MOST OF THE PATHOGENS THAT ATTACK THE BODY
WHAT IS THE PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT BREAK THROUGH EXTRENAL BARRIERS?
INCLUSIVE OF LEUKACYTES, MACROPHAGES, ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, FEVER AND INFLAMATION
WHAT IS THE PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS THAT BREAK THROUGH EXTRENAL BARRIERS?
INCLUSIVE OF LEUKACYTES, MACROPHAGES, ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS, NATURAL KILLER CELLS, FEVER AND INFLAMATION
WHAT IS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?
GROUP OF MECHANISMS THAT DEFEAT A SPECIFIC PATHOGEN AND LEAVE THE BODY WITH MEMORY WHICH ENABLE THE BODY TO DEFEAT FUTURE PATHIGENS AND CAUSE NO ILLNESS
WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF MACHANISIM DEFENSE?
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AND INNATE IMMUNITY
WHAT DOES INNATE IMMUNITY CONSIST OF?
DEFENCES WE ARE BORN WITH THAT PROTEC THE BDY FROM A BROAD SPECTRUM OF DISESASE AGENTS
WHAT DOES ADPATIVE IMMUNITY CONSIST OF?
CONSTITUTES THE THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE - MEMORISES ENCOUNTERED PATHOGENS AND ADAPTS THE BODY TO THE PATHOGEN SO WE BECOME LESS VULNERABLE THE NEXT TIME WE ENCOUNTER THE SAME PATHOGEN
WHAT IS DIFFRENT ABOUT INNATE IMMUNITY?
TARGETS PATHGENS AT POINF OF INVASION
ACTS OUT AGAINST A BROAD SPECTRUM OF PATHOGENS
LACKS IMMUNITY MEMORY
WHAT IS DIFFRENT ABOUT INNATE IMMUNITY?
TARGETS PATHGENS AT POINF OF INVASION
ACTS OUT AGAINST A BROAD SPECTRUM OF PATHOGENS
LACKS IMMUNITY MEMORY
WHAT DEFENCES DOES INNATE IMMUNITY HAVE?
PROTECITVE PROTEINS LIKE KERATIN, INTERFERONS, AND COMPLEMENT
PROTECTIVE CELLS LIKE NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES
PROTECTIVE PROCESSES LIKE FEVER AND INFLAMATION
WHAT IS DIFFRENT ABOUT APAPTIVE IMMUNITY?
ACTS THROGUHOUT THE BODY TO DEFEAT PATHOGEN WHERE ITS FOUND, NOT AT THE ENTRY SITE
PATHOGEN SPECIFIC
HAS IMMUNITY MEMORY
WHAT DEFENCES DOES ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY HAVE?
EMPLOYS LYMPHOCYTES
HUMORAL IMMUNITY FROM FROM ANTIBODIES MADE BY B CELLS
CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY FROM T CELLS
WHAT ARE THE MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL BARRIERS OF DEFENSE?
SKIN FEATURES THAT AID IN DEFENCE
MUCOUS MEMBRANES PROTECT DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
AREOLAR TISSUES BENEATH THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES CONTAIN HYALOURONIC ACID
WHAT ARE THE SKIN FEATURES THAT AID IN DEFENCE?
SKIN COMPOSED OF MAINLY KERATIN WHICH IS HARD FOR PATHOGENS TO PENETRATE
MICROORGANISMS ARE PASSED OF AS SKIN IS SHED
SKIN IS DRY AND POOR IN NUTRIENTS THAT LIMITS MICROBIAL GROWTH
COATED IN DIVERSE ANTOMICROBIAL CHEMICALS
SWEAT AND SEBUM CREATE ACIDIC ENVIRONMNT WHICH INHIBITS GROWTH
SKIN PRODUCED PEPTIDES DESTROY PATHOGENS
SKIN DEFENSE IS HIGHTENED BY VITAMIN D
WHT IS THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES PROTECTION FOR THE DIGESTIVE, RESPIRATORY, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE TRACT TO AID DEFENSE?
THE STICKY MUCOUS INSIDE TRACTS TRAPS MICROORGANISIMS
IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE MUCOUS IS REMOVED BY THE CILIA TO THE PHARYNX TO BE SWALLOWED AND DESTROYED BY STOMACH ACIDS
PATHOGENS FLUSHED FROM UPPER DIGESTIVE TRACT BY SALIVA AND FRROM LOWER URINARY TRACT BY URINE
MUCUS TEARS AND SALIVA CONTAIN LYSOZOME WHICH DESTROYS BACTERIA BY DISOLVING THE CELLS WALL
WHAT DOES THE AREOLAR TISSUES BENEATH THE SKIN AND MUCOUS MEMBRANES CONTAIN HYALOURONIC ACID DO TO AID DEFENSE?
DIFFICULT FOR MICROORGANISMS TO PASS THROUGH THE STICKY GEL
SOME PATHIGENS PRODUCE HYALURONIDASE AIDING OF INVASION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
WHAT ARE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS?
PROTEINS TAHT CIRCULATE ON THE BLOOD THAT ASSIT WITH KILLING PATHOGENS
WHAT ARE THE TWO FAMILIES OF BLOOD BOURNE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS?
INTERFERON AND COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS
WHAT ARE INTERFERONS?
SECRETIONS OF VIRUS INFECTED CELLS MADE TO PROTECT IT
WHAT DO INTERFERONS DO?
ACTIVATES INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE THE PROMOTES CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION
BREAK DOWN VIRAL GENES
PREVENT VIRAL REPLICATION
ACTIVATE NATURAL KILLER CELLS AND MACROPHAGES TO DESTROY CELLS BEFORE THEY RELEASE VIRONS
WHAT ARE COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS?
CONSISTS OF MANY SMALL PLASMA PROTEINS FOUND IN BLOOD MADE BY THE LIVER, THEY CIRCULATE AS INACTIVE PRECURSORS
WHAT DO COMPLEMENT SYSTEMS DO?
CONTRIBUTES TO INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
THE PLASMA PROTEINS REACT WITH EACH OTHER TO OPSONIZE PATHOGENS AND INDUCE A SERIES OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES THET HELP TO FIGHT INFECTION
WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF COMPLEMENT PROTEINS?
ACTIVATED COMPLEMENT
INNACTIVE COMPLEMENT
WHAT ARE INACTIVE COMPLEMENT PROTEINS?
PROTEINS CIRCULATED IN THE BLOOD AND ARE ACTIVATED BY PATHOGENS
WHAT ARE THE PATHWAYS FOR INACTIVE COMPLEMENT PROTEINS?
CLASSICAL PATHWAY - REQUIRES ANTIBODIES (ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY)
ALTERNATE PATHWAY - VIRUSES, BACTERIA, YEASTS, TUMOUR CELLS
LECTIN PATHWAY - CARBOHYDRATES ON A MICROBIAL CELL SURFACE
WHAT ARE THE 4 METHODS FOR ACTIVATED COMPLEMENT PROTEINS TO DESTROY PATHOGENS?
ENHANCING INFLAMATION
MEDIATES IMMUNE CLEARANCE (CLEARS AWAY ANTIGEN - ANTIBODY COMPLEX)
STIMULATES PHAGOCYTOSIS (COATS CELLS MAKING THEM STICKY TO PHAGOCYTES)
PERFORM CYTOLYSIS (PROTEINS FROM MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX THET PUNCHES HOLE IN TARGETED CELL)
WHAT ARE NEUTROPHILS?
A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL
WHAT DO NEUTRAPHILS DO?
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND DIGESTION
RELEASE LYSAZOMES THAT SURROUND THE PATHOGEN WHICH KILLS THEM
THE OXODISING AGENTS CAN DAMAGE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
WHERE ARE EOSNIPHILS LOCATED?
FOUND IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES
WHAT DO EISINIPHILS DO?
SECRETS ENZYMES AND TOHER PRODUCTS THAT DAMAGE PATHOGENS IN THE SURROUNDING AREAS
PRODUCE TOXIC PROTEINS TO BREAKDOWN WORM PRASITES
SECERTE ENZYMES THAT DEGRAME HISTAMINES
WHERE ARE BASOFILS LOCATED?
INSIDE BONE MARROW
WHAT DO BASOFILS DO?
SECRETE CHEMICALS CALLED CHEMOTASTIC
GROUP OF CHEMICALS WHICH ATTRACT OTHER WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO AND AREA OF INFLAMATION
SECRETES HISTAMINE
SECERETS ANTICIOGULANT HEPRIN TO INHIBIT BLOOD CLOTTING
WHAT ARE GRANULOCYTES?
WHILE BLOOD CELLS THAT RELEASE SPECIFIC HCEMICALS THAT ASSIST IN IMMUNE RESPOSNE
WHERE ARE MONOCYTES FOUND?
BONE MARROW
WHAT DO MONOCYTES DO?
WHEN MIGRATED INTO THE BLOOD BECOMES MACROPHAGES
DETECT PATHOGENS AND PRESENT THEM TO TOHER CELLS TO DESTROY
WHAT ARE NATURAL KILLER CELLS?
CELLS THAT HAVE A DIRECT ATTACK ON PATHOGENS
RELEASE PERFERINS WHICH PUNCHES A HOLE IN THE INFECTED CELLS THEN RELEASES ENZYMES THAT CAUSES THE CELL TO DIE
WHAT IS PYERXIA?
FEVER IS ABNORMAL ELEVATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
WHAT IS FEBRILE?
HIGH TEMPERATURE/FEVER
WHAT DO FEVERS DO?
SPEDD UP METABOLISIM
ENHANCES EFFECTS OF INTERFERON
MAKE IT HARD FOR VIRUS AND BACTRIA TO MULTIPLY
WHAT CAUSES FEVERS?
PYROGENS CAUSING CORE TEMPERATURE TO INCREASE
WHAT ARE PYROGENS?
A VIRUS/BACTERIA WHICH CAUSES CORE BODY TEMPERATURE TO INCREASE
WHAT ARE THE TYPE OF PYROGENS?
EXOGENEOUS PYROGENS
ENDOGENEOUS OYROGENS
WHAT DO EXOGENEOUS PYROGENS DO?
FEVER PRODUCING AGENTS FROM OUTSIDE THE BODY
WHAT DO ENDOGENEOUS PYROGENS DO?
FEVER PRODUCING AGENTS FROM INSIDE THE BODY
WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN CONTROLS BODY TEMPERATURE
HYPOTHALAMUS
WHAT IS INFLAMATION?
A LOCAL DEFENSIVE RESPONSE TO ANY KIND OF TISSUE INJURY INCLUDING TRAUMA AND INFECTION
WHAT IS INFLAMATIONS PURPOSE?
TO LIMIT THE SPREAD OF PATHOGENS
REMOVES PATHEOGN DAMAGED
INITIATE TISSUE REPAID AFTER PATHOGAN HAS BEEN RMEOVED
WHAT ARE HE CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMATION?
REDNESS, SWELLING, HEAT, PAIN, LOSS OF FUNCTION DUE TO PAIN
WHAT IS ITIS?
INFLAMATION
WHAT HAPPENS DURING INFLAMATION
GETS WHITE BLOOD CELLS TO INFLAMED AREA
CONTAINS PATHIGENS IN LOCALISED AREA
CLEANS DAMAGE TO TISSUES
WHAT ARE VASOACTIVE CHEMICALS
an endogenous agent or pharmaceutical drug that has the effect of either increasing or decreasing blood pressure and/or heart rate through its vasoactivity
AN ENDOENOUS AGENT OR PHARMACUTICAL DRUG WHICH HAS THE ABILITY TO
