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CFD 11 Month > IFSTA CH 10 Search > Flashcards

IFSTA CH 10 Search Flashcards

1
Q

types of hazards

A

air emergencies
lost/disoriented
entanglement
rapid fire development
collapse/trapped

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2
Q

Determining Tenability

A

An untenable environment is not necessarily dangerous to life and health if the proper level of PPE is provided

The environment may remain tenable as long as there is no evidence of structural collapse and heat levels and duration of the interior operations stay within acceptable limits for the PPE and SCBA provided

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3
Q

The environment of a structure fire or damage structure can change swiftly due to:

A

Sudden or unexpected fire spread and temperature increase within the structure

Loss of structure stability and possible collapse

Buildup of smoke and products of combustion

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4
Q

Identifying safe havens

A

May be rooms or closet areas where the door can be closed to prevent the spread of heat, smoke and toxic gases into that space

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5
Q

There are three key principles of air management:

A

Always know how much air you have left

Know your point of no return

Inform the IC if you must exit the structure

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6
Q

Your point of no return is based on:

A

How much air is required to exit the IDLH

The lowest cylinder gauge reading of any member of the team

Your departments SOPs

Environmental conditions

Your teams physical and mental conditions

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7
Q

Shelter in place - Take these actions to help rescuers locate you:

A

Remain calm and control your breathing

Get to an uninvolved, nearby room if possible and close the door

Shine a light through available windows to draw attention to your location

Continue to communicate on your radio, including information that might be useful to the crews trying to locate you

Activate your PASS device

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8
Q

Reasons for air Monitors

A

Identify hazards

Determine appropriate PPE, tools and equipment

Determine perimeters and the scope of the incident

Determine if respiratory protection is needed at a trench, confined space or other technical rescue

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9
Q

atmospheric hazards

A

oxygen enrichment or deficiency

flammability

toxicity

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10
Q

oxygen enrichment or deficiency measured as

A

Measured as a percentage of oxygen in the air using an oxygen meter

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11
Q

flammability measured as

A

Measured as a percentage of flammable gas in the air based upon the gas’s lower explosive limit using a combustible gas indicator (CGI)

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12
Q

toxicity measured in

A

Measured in parts per millions of a toxic gas in the air using single gas or multigas detectors

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13
Q

Oxygen Enrichment and Deficiency

A

Normal air contains 20.9 percent oxygen, 78.1 percent nitrogen and 1 percent other gases

Below 19.5 percent oxygen the atmosphere is considered oxygen deficient and IDLH, requiring use of supplied air such as SCBA

The atmosphere is considered oxygen enriched at concentrations above 23.5 percent, presenting an increased threat for fire and explosion

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14
Q

Flammability

A

An atmosphere containing a flammable gas, vapor or mist in excess of 10 percent of its lower explosive limit (LEL) is considered hazardous

If monitoring equipment indicates the presence of flammable gases or vapors, responders must assume the atmosphere to be flammable or explosive

All nearby sources of ignition should be eliminated and consideration must be given to delaying entry into the area until ventilation reduces the level of flammable gas or vapors to below 10 percent of its LEL

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15
Q

Combustible gas indicators Measure the amount of flammable vapors and gases in the atmosphere in one of these three ways:

A

Percentage of the lower explosive limit (LEL)

Parts per million (ppm)

Percentage of gas per volume of air

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16
Q

Toxicity

A

Fire produce toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, in a structure fire assume toxic gases, vapors, fumes and particulates are present in a structure even after the fire has been extinguished

A typical 4-gas monitor will detect LEL, oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide

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17
Q

Equipment used to sample and analyze a potentially hazardous environment must be:

A

Accurately calibrated

Direct-reading

Capable of measuring the oxygen concentration

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18
Q

Bump test

A

Is a calibration performed on air monitors being taken to an incident

Are performed before mounting an apparatus

Verifies the performance of the gas detector and ensures that the sensors respond to the correct target gas or gases in the correct amounts

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19
Q

Zero Cal

A

Once at the incident, the firefighter responsible for air monitoring should perform a fresh-air calibration

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20
Q

Personnel should accurately document monitoring, detection and sampling results:

A

Time of reading

Location and level of the reading

Reading obtained

Instrument used

Information downloaded from device if so equipped

21
Q

Before entering an IDLH area, prepare yourself and other members of your crew, you must ensure that:

A

You know who you report to

Your portable radio is turned on, working properly and set to the correct fireground channel

Your SCBA is turned on, working properly and contains a full cylinder of air

Your PASS device is turned on and working properly

You know your assigned duties and the tactical objectives of your crew

You are aware of the alternate means of egress from the structure

22
Q

Know the layout or floor plan

A

This knowledge may come from inspections, preincident surveys, architectural plans or personal observation

23
Q

Rescue personnel should carry a variety of tools and equipment when conducting search and rescue operations, examples:

A

Flashlights
Thermal imager
Portable radio
Forcible entry tools
Charged hose line
Rope for search lines
Ladders

24
Q

Thermal imagers (TI)

A

Allow firefighters to see sources of heat through darkness and thick smoke

Also used to locate victims and hidden fires

Identify temperature differentials on surfaces

25
Q

Using TIC during search and rescue or firefighting operations has a number of advantages:

A

Enhances situational awareness

Improves visibility in an obscured environment

Provides additional information during search
May be useful in locating victims, the seat of the fire or hidden fires

26
Q

TIC have some limitations:

A

They cannot detect a person under or behind furniture or on the opposite side of a wall

They cannot “see” through water, glass or other reflective surfaces

If a structure is carpeted, TIs may not be able to detect fire on the floors below

27
Q

Fire Isolation

A

Locating and isolating the fire must be a priority before any search

28
Q

Searched rooms can be marked using any of the following:

A

Chalk or crayon markers

Specially designed door markers

Latch straps over doorknobs

29
Q

Primary Search

A

Is intended to rapidly determine the location of victims

The search should be fast but thorough and may be performed either before or during fire suppression operations

Quickly check the known or likely locations of victims and all affected areas of the structure

30
Q

Secondary search

A

Is a slow, thorough search conducted after the fire is under control

The purpose is to ensure that no occupants were overlooked during the primary search

Using different personnel to conduct the secondary search has the advantage of allowing the search team to use “fresh eyes” and get an unbiased view of the scene

Structural instability and areas where the fire is starting to rekindle must be reported immediately

31
Q

Search methods

A

When you enter a room, turn right or left and follow the walls around until you return to your starting point

As you leave the room, turn in the same direction you did to enter and continue to the next room to be searched

Start your search as close to the fire as possible and then work back toward the entrance door, this allows your team to reach those in the greatest danger first

Always control the egress passageway so search teams can escape if conditions change rapidly

32
Q

steps to accomplish controlling the egress

A

Stage a firefighter at the door to the room to be searched. This firefighter should control the door to control the flow path into the room

Close doors to rooms adjacent to the passageway after they are searched

Position hose teams at intervals along the path to cool accumulated gases

Use thermal imagers to aid in searching the rooms off the hallway for victim heat signatures or fires

33
Q

Oriented-Search Method

A

Work as an efficient way for a team to search a room

The team leader remains anchored at the door, or hose line, while other team members spread out through the room to complete the search

34
Q

Wide area search method

A

Sometimes used to conduct a primary search of a large or complex area that is filled with smoke

This system employs a dedicated search line, typically 200 feet of rope

A minimum of three team members are required, although larger teams can be more effective

35
Q

VEIS method

A

Stans for Vent, Enter, Isolate and Search

Is a search technique intended to provide rapid search of individual rooms that can be accessed from the exterior, usually through a window

36
Q

number of FF needed for VEIS

A

Two firefighters (three if using a ladder) can perform VEIS

First, the searcher ventilates and makes entry
The second firefighter may then enter if desired
The firefighter remains at the point of entry to guide the searcher back to the exit

37
Q

Shelter-in-Place - Involves moving victims to a protected location within the structure, it is used when;

A

The hazard is minor

It is safer to keep victims insider the structure

Victims are incapacitated and cannot be moved

There is limited staffing to assist with evacuation

The structure can provide a protection barrier between the victim and the hazard

38
Q

types of victim carries

A

o Incline drag
o Extremities lift/carry
o Webbing drag
o Cradle-in-arms lift/carry
o Seat lift/carry
o Litter carry

39
Q

Mayday protocols

A

First, describe the problem and give your location to your partner, team leader or supervisor

Remain in place until another firefighter reaches you

communicate your air supply status and any actions you are taking

Describe your location as clearly as possible so that rescuers know where to search for you

40
Q

When MAYDAY is broadcast, the following actions must immediately be taken:

A

All radio traffic ceases and only traffic relating to the MAYDAY is allowed

Nonessential activities cease and units are directed to assist with searching for the firefighter who has broadcast the MAYDAY

The RIC is dispatched to locate the downed firefighter

41
Q

If a MAYDAY event does occur, you must choose one of three courses of action:

A

remaining in place
seeking safe haven
escaping

42
Q

Immediate Actions to Improve Survivability

A

Staying low to the floor
Using your hose stream for protection
Closing doors between you and the fire
Using tools to shore building material
Filtering toxic air

43
Q

When any evacuation signal is given

A

all units on scene must give a personnel accountability report (PAR)*

44
Q

Escaping to Safe Haven - Is the best option in any of the following circumstances:

A

There is an imminent threat of structural collapse

There is not a safe place of shelter

You have completely exhausted your air supply

Rapid fire development is about to occur

You have been ordered to abandon the structure

45
Q

RAPID INTERVENTION

A

Mandatory RIC equipment can be described using the acronym AWARE (air, Water, a Radio and Extrication)

46
Q

removing located FF

A

After locating the downed firefighter, the RIC checks his or her air supply

The RIC notifies command of the firefighters location and status

If the firefighter is trapped or injured, assistance will be requested

While waiting for help to arrive, the team will mitigate hazards that threaten the downed

47
Q

Removing located FF - Firefighter with functioning SCBA

A

The team must move the firefighter carefully so as not to dislodge the mask

48
Q

removing located FF - Firefighter with nonfunctioning SCBA

A

The team must either connect the firefighters facepiece to a functioning SCBA or quickly remove the firefighter from the hazardous atmosphere

CFD 11 Month (32 decks)

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