CFD VX Flashcards
Motor Vehicle Collisions (MVC)
speed a significant factor
When these collisions occur, 3 separate collision events occur in rapid succession
- Machine collision
- Body collision
- Organ collision
A secondary collision also occurs
when any unrestrained objects or people/animals move uncontrollably following a collision and collide with other occupants or objects within the vehicle, thus contributing to further injuries.
5 common forms of MVCs
- Head-on (Frontal impact)
- T-Bone (Lateral/side-impact)
- Rear-impact
- Rotational
- Rollover
The 3 collision events associated with Head-on collisions
- Vehicle collision resulting in the deformed front end of the vehicle (machine)
- Spider web pattern of the windshield, deformed steering wheel, dashboard deformity
(body) - Facial soft-tissue injuries, coup/contra coup of the brain, “whiplash” of the cervical spine,
thoracic trauma (organ)
T-bone (Lateral Impact) - The 3 collisions events that occur
- Collision side of vehicle deformity (machine)
- Intrusion/deformity of the passenger compartment (body)
- Collision side extremities, hips, thoracic injuries, lateral neck, head (organ)
Rear-impact - The 3 collisions may be observed as:
- Back end (and front end) deformity (machine)
- Deformity to headrest/seats of occupants (body)
- Injury to the neck, facial trauma (organ)
Rollover
Rollover collisions are the most difficult to assess as the energy transferred to the patient occurs in all directions
One significant difference is the inclusion
of axial-loading onto the spine, being a top-down application of force
The Golden Hour
the critical period that exists for the patient from the time of the incident until the patient is delivered to physicians at the hospital
The Platinum Ten
Ideally, the patient should be enroute to the hospital within 10 to 15 minutes of the arrival of the first rescue
vehicle anatomy - photo
Three common frame types found in vehicles are:
Uni-body construction
Full frame construction
Space frame construction
Uni-body Construction
was the most common frame type
from the early 1980s until recently when space frames
are identifiable by the absence of any frame members on the underside of the vehicle.
Space Frame Construction
found on many late model vehicles
This design incorporates a very hard, rigid passenger compartment with crush zones extending to the front and rear.
Full-Frame Construction
Full-frame constructions, also referred to as conventional-frame, platform-frame or body over the frame, was used in older full-size cars and station wagons and is still found in most trucks.
Pillars or Posts
Extend from the floor to the roof rail and are designated A, B, C, and so on from the front to the rear
Seatbelt Pretensioners
Seat belts should be cut as soon as possible. Providing it is safe to do so, and the seat belt is no longer needed to keep a patient in place
Airbags
Disconnecting or severing the 12V battery system is a good practice to address this risk; however, back-up capacitors, which are built into the system, can still hold a
charge. The capacitors can hold a charge ranging from a few seconds to 30 min, which may contribute to post-collision deployment.
10-10-20 Rule of Thumb
recommends maintaining a minimum distance of 10” (25cm) from a side impact, 10” (25cm) from driver’s side and 20” (50cm) from the passenger side airbags.
Side airbags typically are smaller than frontal bags
They will contain a volume of 6 to 20 litres
versus 40 to 70 litres for a driver airbag and an average of 150 litres for a passenger bag.
Rules of Thumb for Passenger Safety Devices
Strip before you rip
Never place any equipment between the undeployed airbags and the occupant.
Do not place anything over the undeployed airbags to try to hold them in or to puncture the airbag cover
Never drill, cut, or displace airbags, control modules, or pretensioners during vehicle
extrication
Never intentionally cut a bright RED, ORANGE, or YELLOW wire or wire loom
Always disconnect the battery and observe the “10-10-20” rule of thumb to minimize the risk of an accidental airbag deployment
These rescue tools can be grouped into categories based on the mode of operation:
- Stabilization tools
- Hydraulic tools
- Pneumatic tools
- Electric tools
- Hand tools
Cribbing (Wood-Blocking) Materials
Softwoods, such as pine or spruce lumber, are the most popular choice for cribbing, as
they are lightweight, durable, inexpensive and readily available
offers a warning sign for overload.
Cribbing lengths range from 16 to 24 inch; 18 inch is the most common length for vehicle
Cribbing Maintenance
Rescue-cribbing surfaces should not be painted because this causes them to become slippery and can hide damage or defects
However, it is acceptable to paint the ends of the crib pieces different colours to help identify them in storage containers
Cribbing Amount
ideally, an assortment of 50 pieces or more of consistently sized 2 x 4, 4 x 4 and 4 x 6 blocks and wedges should be carried in your rescue
Box Cribbing
Two blocks that are stacked perpendicular are called a crosstie.
A good practice is to always have an overlap of your crib blocks (The proper
amount of overlap should match the thickness of the size of lumber you are using)
Ratings - cribbing
rated crush of 500lbs per square inch
For a 2 x 2 crosstie layout, with 4” x 4” dimensional lumber the crib capacity is =
24,000 lbs (12 tons) with the weight centered on the crib box (four points of contact).
You can build your box crib stronger
by adding an extra cross-tie and making it a 3x3 configuration. This gives you 9 columns and a rating of 56000lbs
Stability of a crib stack
dependent on the height-to-width ratio of the stacked crib
In a vehicle extrication setting we are dealing with loads that are a lot
more dynamic and for safety reasons go with a ratio of 2:1 height to width ratio.
Rescue 42s
They can support up to an 18,000lbs working load and be used in conjunction
with the strut lifting jack as an 8,000lbs ram
Pneumatic Tools
The CFD utilizes our SCBA cylinders to provide the pressurized air required to use these tools
The Ajax pneumatic air chisel is made up of essentially four components:
- Air supply (SCBA cylinder)
- Air regulator (manifold)
- Hose (air hose, different connections than hydraulic hose)
- Chise
Pneumatic Tools - There are 3 common bits which can vary in length depending on application
Vehicle Extrication Tool Belt:
- Multi-groove pliers (Channel lock)
- Felt marker
- Large flathead screwdriver
- Medical scissors
- Life hammer
- Side cutters
- Duct tape
- Utility Knife
Crash Kit
- Hood tool
- Plug and dike putty
- Cable cutter
- Hacksaw & blades
- Spring window punch
- V-knife seatbelt cutter
- Glass master
- Fire blanket
- Channel Lock Pliers
- Cable Cutter
- 8” Crescent Wrench
- Unidriver
- Valve Stem Remover
- Spring Punch
the following list of Engine apparatus vehicle extrication tools is the basic list of tools designated as “extrication tools”
- Combi-tool (with hose & portable power unit)
- Crash kit
- Pry-axe
- 4 step chocks
- Box of cribbing with dead blow hammer
- Battery powered Reciprocating saw (with 2 batteries)
- Jack-all-jack and jackmate
- Come-along
- Vehicle extrication belt
Three Phases of Stabilization
- Scene stabilization
- Vehicle stabilization
- Patient stabilization
Scene Stabilization
These crucial assessments enable the crew to determine potential hazards, the
number of patients involved, and the degree of entrapment
Outer Circle Survey
Rescuers should carry a 20lbs fire
extinguisher while conducting the survey.
- Walk in a wide arc around the vehicles.
- Look towards the vehicles and out around the perimeter of the scene.
- Check for victims that may have walked away or have been thrown from the wreckage.
- Check for hazards and any potential problems.
- Quickly ask bystanders for relevant information (which vehicles were involved, number of
occupants).
The size of the outer circle
Generally a distance of 5-10m is a recommended minimum. (15-30ft)
Inner Circle Survey
A best practice is to wait for the outer circle to be approximately 1/2 - 2/3 complete prior to starting the inner survey.
inner survey should also follow in the same direction as the outer survey
inner circle should be 3-5m (10-15ft)
Scene stabilization timeline
It should take about 30 seconds from the time the team leaves the apparatus to the time the vehicle situation is evaluated and reported to the officer
meters to feet
1m = 3.2 ft
Vehicle stabilization refers to
the creation of a solid platform during the extrication process
The following rules of thumb should be used whenever possible to stabilize a vehicle.
- Stabilize the vehicle to prevent the most likely direction of travel.
- Always stabilize and maintain the vehicle in the position it was found. (Unless an officer determines that moving the vehicle will be advantageous to patient outcome)
- Avoid placing stabilization devices where they will interfere with subsequent
displacement of metal. - The stabilization method should be quick and simple.
- Stabilization should be checked every 3 to 5 minutes or whenever metal is displaced.
- The first step is to chock a tires front and back with wheel chocks or 4 x 4’s to stop any forward or malleable. Any vehicle movement can cause the stabilization to loosen.
goal in stabilization
Our goal is to get four-points of stabilization
Deflating Tires
Removing the air out of the tires is not to lower the vehicle to the cribbing, but more to deactivate the suspension
The average time frame to stabilize a vehicle on its wheels should fall within
The two-minutes
Circumstances that will help determine the severity and the amount of physical trauma are listed below:
- The speed of travel when the crash occurred
- The surface area of contact
- The degree of force that has been applied to the patient
The inside rescuer should wear full protective gear and be equipped with the following:
- Trauma bag
- Patient hard protection (plywood or polyurethane board)
- Patient soft protection (patient protection tarp or blanket)
Key fobs should be
found and removed to a safe area and not returned to the action circle for the duration of the rescue (the dash of the engine is a good place to store
them)
Action Circle:
A “clear zone” established early in an extrication incident that is 10 to 15 ft in all
directions from the vehicles involved in an accident.
Circle Survey:
A method for rescue personnel to conduct a thorough survey of the accident scene, which includes walking a 360 degree circle of the entire scene, both inside and outside.
Freeze
This term is used when something is wrong. Any time a rescuer sees an unsafe or unchecked procedure on the scene the rescuer should yell, “Freeze.” The person working should stop, ascertain the problem, and correct it.
