CFD VX

Question 1

Motor Vehicle Collisions (MVC)

Answer 1

speed a significant factor

Question 2

When these collisions occur, 3 separate collision events occur in rapid succession

Answer 2

1. Machine collision
2. Body collision
3. Organ collision

Question 3

A secondary collision also occurs

Answer 3

when any unrestrained objects or people/animals move uncontrollably following a collision and collide with other occupants or objects within the vehicle, thus contributing to further injuries.

Question 4

5 common forms of MVCs

Answer 4

1. Head-on (Frontal impact)
2. T-Bone (Lateral/side-impact)
3. Rear-impact
4. Rotational
5. Rollover

Question 5

The 3 collision events associated with Head-on collisions

Answer 5

1. Vehicle collision resulting in the deformed front end of the vehicle (machine)
2. Spider web pattern of the windshield, deformed steering wheel, dashboard deformity
   (body)
3. Facial soft-tissue injuries, coup/contra coup of the brain, “whiplash” of the cervical spine,
   thoracic trauma (organ)

Question 6

T-bone (Lateral Impact) - The 3 collisions events that occur

Answer 6

1. Collision side of vehicle deformity (machine)
2. Intrusion/deformity of the passenger compartment (body)
3. Collision side extremities, hips, thoracic injuries, lateral neck, head (organ)

Question 7

Rear-impact - The 3 collisions may be observed as:

Answer 7

1. Back end (and front end) deformity (machine)
2. Deformity to headrest/seats of occupants (body)
3. Injury to the neck, facial trauma (organ)

Question 8

Rollover

Answer 8

Rollover collisions are the most difficult to assess as the energy transferred to the patient occurs in all directions

One significant difference is the inclusion
of axial-loading onto the spine, being a top-down application of force

Question 9

The Golden Hour

Answer 9

the critical period that exists for the patient from the time of the incident until the patient is delivered to physicians at the hospital

Question 10

The Platinum Ten

Answer 10

Ideally, the patient should be enroute to the hospital within 10 to 15 minutes of the arrival of the first rescue

Question 11

vehicle anatomy - photo

Answer 11

Question 12

Three common frame types found in vehicles are:

Answer 12

Uni-body construction
Full frame construction
Space frame construction

Question 13

Uni-body Construction

Answer 13

was the most common frame type
from the early 1980s until recently when space frames

are identifiable by the absence of any frame members on the underside of the vehicle.

Question 14

Space Frame Construction

Answer 14

found on many late model vehicles

This design incorporates a very hard, rigid passenger compartment with crush zones extending to the front and rear.

Question 15

Full-Frame Construction

Answer 15

Full-frame constructions, also referred to as conventional-frame, platform-frame or body over the frame, was used in older full-size cars and station wagons and is still found in most trucks.

Question 16

Pillars or Posts

Answer 16

Extend from the floor to the roof rail and are designated A, B, C, and so on from the front to the rear

Question 17

Seatbelt Pretensioners

Answer 17

Seat belts should be cut as soon as possible. Providing it is safe to do so, and the seat belt is no longer needed to keep a patient in place

Question 18

Airbags

Answer 18

Disconnecting or severing the 12V battery system is a good practice to address this risk; however, back-up capacitors, which are built into the system, can still hold a
charge. The capacitors can hold a charge ranging from a few seconds to 30 min, which may contribute to post-collision deployment.

Question 19

10-10-20 Rule of Thumb

Answer 19

recommends maintaining a minimum distance of 10” (25cm) from a side impact, 10” (25cm) from driver’s side and 20” (50cm) from the passenger side airbags.

Question 20

Side airbags typically are smaller than frontal bags

Answer 20

They will contain a volume of 6 to 20 litres
versus 40 to 70 litres for a driver airbag and an average of 150 litres for a passenger bag.

Question 21

Rules of Thumb for Passenger Safety Devices

Answer 21

Strip before you rip

Never place any equipment between the undeployed airbags and the occupant.

Do not place anything over the undeployed airbags to try to hold them in or to puncture the airbag cover

Never drill, cut, or displace airbags, control modules, or pretensioners during vehicle
extrication

Never intentionally cut a bright RED, ORANGE, or YELLOW wire or wire loom

Always disconnect the battery and observe the “10-10-20” rule of thumb to minimize the risk of an accidental airbag deployment

Question 22

These rescue tools can be grouped into categories based on the mode of operation:

Answer 22

• Stabilization tools
• Hydraulic tools
• Pneumatic tools
• Electric tools
• Hand tools

Question 23

Cribbing (Wood-Blocking) Materials

Answer 23

Softwoods, such as pine or spruce lumber, are the most popular choice for cribbing, as
they are lightweight, durable, inexpensive and readily available

offers a warning sign for overload.

Cribbing lengths range from 16 to 24 inch; 18 inch is the most common length for vehicle

Question 24

Cribbing Maintenance

Answer 24

Rescue-cribbing surfaces should not be painted because this causes them to become slippery and can hide damage or defects

However, it is acceptable to paint the ends of the crib pieces different colours to help identify them in storage containers

Question 25

Cribbing Amount

Answer 25

ideally, an assortment of 50 pieces or more of consistently sized 2 x 4, 4 x 4 and 4 x 6 blocks and wedges should be carried in your rescue

Question 26

Box Cribbing

Answer 26

Two blocks that are stacked perpendicular are called a crosstie.

A good practice is to always have an overlap of your crib blocks (The proper
amount of overlap should match the thickness of the size of lumber you are using)

Question 27

Ratings - cribbing

Answer 27

rated crush of 500lbs per square inch

For a 2 x 2 crosstie layout, with 4” x 4” dimensional lumber the crib capacity is =
24,000 lbs (12 tons) with the weight centered on the crib box (four points of contact).

Question 28

You can build your box crib stronger

Answer 28

by adding an extra cross-tie and making it a 3x3 configuration. This gives you 9 columns and a rating of 56000lbs

Question 29

Stability of a crib stack

Answer 29

dependent on the height-to-width ratio of the stacked crib

In a vehicle extrication setting we are dealing with loads that are a lot
more dynamic and for safety reasons go with a ratio of 2:1 height to width ratio.

Question 30

Rescue 42s

Answer 30

They can support up to an 18,000lbs working load and be used in conjunction
with the strut lifting jack as an 8,000lbs ram

Question 31

Pneumatic Tools

Answer 31

The CFD utilizes our SCBA cylinders to provide the pressurized air required to use these tools

Question 32

The Ajax pneumatic air chisel is made up of essentially four components:

Answer 32

1. Air supply (SCBA cylinder)
2. Air regulator (manifold)
3. Hose (air hose, different connections than hydraulic hose)
4. Chise

Question 33

Pneumatic Tools - There are 3 common bits which can vary in length depending on application

Answer 33

Question 34

Vehicle Extrication Tool Belt:

Answer 34

• Multi-groove pliers (Channel lock)
• Felt marker
• Large flathead screwdriver
• Medical scissors
• Life hammer
• Side cutters
• Duct tape
• Utility Knife

Question 35

Crash Kit

Answer 35

• Hood tool
• Plug and dike putty
• Cable cutter
• Hacksaw & blades
• Spring window punch
• V-knife seatbelt cutter
• Glass master
• Fire blanket
• Channel Lock Pliers
• Cable Cutter
• 8” Crescent Wrench
• Unidriver
• Valve Stem Remover
• Spring Punch

Question 36

the following list of Engine apparatus vehicle extrication tools is the basic list of tools designated as “extrication tools”

Answer 36

• Combi-tool (with hose & portable power unit)
• Crash kit
• Pry-axe
• 4 step chocks
• Box of cribbing with dead blow hammer
• Battery powered Reciprocating saw (with 2 batteries)
• Jack-all-jack and jackmate
• Come-along
• Vehicle extrication belt

Question 37

Three Phases of Stabilization

Answer 37

1. Scene stabilization
2. Vehicle stabilization
3. Patient stabilization

Question 38

Scene Stabilization

Answer 38

These crucial assessments enable the crew to determine potential hazards, the
number of patients involved, and the degree of entrapment

Question 39

Outer Circle Survey

Answer 39

Rescuers should carry a 20lbs fire
extinguisher while conducting the survey.

1. Walk in a wide arc around the vehicles.
2. Look towards the vehicles and out around the perimeter of the scene.
3. Check for victims that may have walked away or have been thrown from the wreckage.
4. Check for hazards and any potential problems.
5. Quickly ask bystanders for relevant information (which vehicles were involved, number of
   occupants).

Question 40

The size of the outer circle

Answer 40

Generally a distance of 5-10m is a recommended minimum. (15-30ft)

Question 41

Inner Circle Survey

Answer 41

A best practice is to wait for the outer circle to be approximately 1/2 - 2/3 complete prior to starting the inner survey.

inner survey should also follow in the same direction as the outer survey

inner circle should be 3-5m (10-15ft)

Question 42

Scene stabilization timeline

Answer 42

It should take about 30 seconds from the time the team leaves the apparatus to the time the vehicle situation is evaluated and reported to the officer

Question 43

meters to feet

Answer 43

1m = 3.2 ft

Question 44

Vehicle stabilization refers to

Answer 44

the creation of a solid platform during the extrication process

Question 45

The following rules of thumb should be used whenever possible to stabilize a vehicle.

Answer 45

• Stabilize the vehicle to prevent the most likely direction of travel.
• Always stabilize and maintain the vehicle in the position it was found. (Unless an officer determines that moving the vehicle will be advantageous to patient outcome)
• Avoid placing stabilization devices where they will interfere with subsequent
  displacement of metal.
• The stabilization method should be quick and simple.
• Stabilization should be checked every 3 to 5 minutes or whenever metal is displaced.
• The first step is to chock a tires front and back with wheel chocks or 4 x 4’s to stop any forward or malleable. Any vehicle movement can cause the stabilization to loosen.

Question 46

goal in stabilization

Answer 46

Our goal is to get four-points of stabilization

Question 47

Deflating Tires

Answer 47

Removing the air out of the tires is not to lower the vehicle to the cribbing, but more to deactivate the suspension

Question 48

The average time frame to stabilize a vehicle on its wheels should fall within

Answer 48

The two-minutes

Question 49

Circumstances that will help determine the severity and the amount of physical trauma are listed below:

Answer 49

• The speed of travel when the crash occurred
• The surface area of contact
• The degree of force that has been applied to the patient

Question 50

The inside rescuer should wear full protective gear and be equipped with the following:

Answer 50

1. Trauma bag
2. Patient hard protection (plywood or polyurethane board)
3. Patient soft protection (patient protection tarp or blanket)

Question 51

Key fobs should be

Answer 51

found and removed to a safe area and not returned to the action circle for the duration of the rescue (the dash of the engine is a good place to store
them)

Question 52

Action Circle:

Answer 52

A “clear zone” established early in an extrication incident that is 10 to 15 ft in all
directions from the vehicles involved in an accident.

Question 53

Circle Survey:

Answer 53

A method for rescue personnel to conduct a thorough survey of the accident scene, which includes walking a 360 degree circle of the entire scene, both inside and outside.

Question 54

Freeze

Answer 54

This term is used when something is wrong. Any time a rescuer sees an unsafe or unchecked procedure on the scene the rescuer should yell, “Freeze.” The person working should stop, ascertain the problem, and correct it.